Possibly the most significant discovery of the modern era.

• A discovery to rewrite our History books and revolutionise our Energy Technology
• Basic Physics
• 100% Relative Humidity
• Adiabatic Heating and Lapse Rates in Cyclones
• The Tropopause, Above and Below
• Hot Towers
• Microbursts
• Two Mechanisms for Cyclone Genesis
• How Sublimation contributes to a Paradox 

Rewriting History.

From a very early age I realised that the commonly accepted version of our past history simply didn't match the solid physical evidence on the ground. I refused to accept that ancient cultures around the world had quite regularly moved 600- 800 tonne blocks of stone for significant distances and built massive structures like the pyramids simply with ropes and manpower. Even if it were physically possible by those methods, the pyramids for example, would have taken centuries to build which simply made no sense. The further I looked, the more numerous and the more impossible the accepted version of history became. Without a far more advanced technology than was generally accepted, none of it made any sense at all. 

With some minor success in predicting the use (and now re-emergent technology) of geopolymers, over the past 50 years the author has now finally recovered in large part what are probably the most significant of those lost technologies, the ones behind the construction and operation of the 50,000 known pyramids. The pyramids being by far the most significant examples, I'll not dwell on numerous other possible examples

The top two images on the left are the Great Pyramid and the Pharos Lighthouse in Egypt, the third is the engraved lid of a sarcophagus and it comes from the 'Pyramid of  Inscriptions' in Mexico. Between them, the three images provided the keys to three powerful applications all driven by a form of solar technology totally unrecognised in our modern world. The technology employs those fascinating and apparently inocuous phenomena commonly known as smoke rings that have held people and even dolphins enthralled since time began. Ring vortexes come in two orientations and both the 'normal' and the 'inverted' forms hold amazing powers and indeed are almost totally responsible for driving all the major events of our weather, including cyclones.

As I can now fully demonstrate, these 'Horizontal ring vortexes' or 'Helmholtz rings', as they are more correctly known, were used by ancient civilisations for millennia to trigger rainstorms, to limit the power and frequency of tornadoes, to produce fresh water from the sea and to fly in aircraft that were able to lift those 800 tonne blocks of stone, mentioned previously.

Redeveloped with the added advantages of our modern era, this recovered technology will once again allow anyone, anywhere, at any time of day and for any purpose, to tap into the free energy presently locked up in our atmosphere and oceans. By reproducing the basic phenomena that in Nature drive every type of storm, it will be entirely possible to provide unlimited fresh water and clean energy from the sea and reclaim the driest of deserts. 

The west coast of South America has been dominated for 100,000 years by the frigid Humboldt current and is naturally one of the most arid regions on our planet and yet, in the shadow of a number of massive pyramids around 2000-5000 years ago, very large agrarian populations once thrived. In view of the fact that the long-established current is the dominant feature in the regional climate, the common assumption that natural climate variations are responsible doesn't hold up very well and the question might reasonably be asked, "Were the pyramids somehow involved in these apparently anomalous climate changes?" I say "Yes" and I think I can now prove it, along with other extraordinary aspects of this re-emerging technology.

By ignoring the common assumptions about our past and basing my research purely upon re-interpeting physical evidence and solid data, the author finally hit paydirt with the discovery (on the I/net at www.shipwrecksofegypt.com) of an engineering schematic of the workings of the fabled Lighthouse at Alexandria, long acknowledged as the Seventh (and last) Wonder of the Ancient World.

Because of my earlier research into the workings and technology of the pyramids and more recently, of the Pharos, I instantly recognised that this new evidence provided the proof I had sought for so long. I had already developed a model of the Pharos from available images that included all its principal known features and this final discovery proved I was on the right track.  Indeed, the newly recovered schematic demonstrated even greater advances that have now enabled me to produce both heating and significant cooling in an appropriate form to be used in harnessing the vortex of the eye of a cyclone, by far the most powerful and stable of all the known atmospheric phenomena.

In various forms and applications, Ring Vortex Technology (RVT) promises to revolutionise our world, allowing us to harness energy directly from the sea and breaking forever our deadly dependence on fossil fuels. The evidence provided by the Pharos has provided a level of proof that can now be easily demonstrated to provide a clear insight into how the less dramatic forms of the technology can be employed to influence and ultimately control the climate as they did in the distant past. To top

Basic Physics.

According to Boyle's Law, as free-flowing air is heated within the atmosphere, it's volume expands by a small amount. (ie ~1/270th/ per degree centigrade.) Thus, an increase in air temperature of 27^oC will cause the volume of the air to increase by10%. This modest expansion is enough to make the air lighter and then rise by convection.

However, when water expands to vapour, it expands by a factor of 1700. Whilst water and water vapour make up only a small percentage of air they are by far the most significant mechanism in driving what we call our weather.

The main ingredient in driving the increasing wind speed and the intensity of any storm is condensation which can occur with an  almost instantaneously drop in atmospheric pressure should a vortex be initiated.  To top

In a desert,  the dry air will heat rapidly in the morning and the volume of the air may increase by 20% over the period of an hour as the tempersture goes from 0^oC-50^oC.  And at night, as it cools, the process is reversed. However, the presence of water vapour changes the whole process, slowing the heating proces and generally keeping temperatures more even. However, with high temperaturs and a high moisture content, the situation can change dramatically.

More vapour increases the air's volume and makes it lighter. As the air rises the air will cool and relative humidity increases, making the air increasingly unstable until, at 100% humididty, even the smallest disturbance can potentially trigger the so-called 'Butterfly Effect', the vortex phenomenon that can trigger a storm. 

When the air is super-saturated, the smallest vortex will trigger a  'positive feedback mechanism' that can turn all the available vapour into condensate or liquid water. This collapse can flow through the whole air mass within seconds turning vapour into condensate. On a hot and humid afternoon the air's volume could potentially reduce by 40% within minutes once the trigger is effected.  To top

100% Relative Humidity

As the temperature of the air drops, relative humidity rises until the dew point is reached. At that point, the volumetric collapse of vapour to liquid condensate will potentially cause an inflow that may ultimately trigger a storm. The storm may be an isolated event but it can also develop along a frontal system as a Cool Change

As a Cool Change becomes established, relative humidity rises and as more vapour condenses, a positive feedback cycle becomes established that will continue until all the available moisture is drawn in and condensed. In just minutes, in coastal cities like Sydney and Melbourne, a cool change will typically whip up high winds and cause air temperatures to plummet by as much as 20^oC in a matter of minutes. The heavy rain that commonly accompanying these events can cause significant local flooding.  To top

Adiabatic Heating and Lapse Rates in Cyclones

As air rises it expands and the adiabatic process of pressure reduction with height allows the air to cool. As it descends, air pressure increases and the process acts in reverse. These effects vary very significantly depending on the vapour content of the air.  The Lapse Rate of Dry Air (DALR) is a constant 9.8^oC/1000m (ie for all intents and purposes,10^oC/km) and applies mainly to air in or drawn down from the Stratosphere. In stark contrast, the Wet Air Lapse Rate (WALR) of 6.5^oC/km* applies to most of the air in the temperate regions within the lower atmosphere or Troposphere. the region mostly affected by weather. [*The WALR.is technically a variable but in reality and for various reasons varies very little across a wide humidity range]

 Any event that causes dry air to be drawn down from the Stratosphere will heat at the DALR (ie 10^oC/1000m) which is far higher than the WALR  normally associated with the air of the tropopause though which it will pass.  Should  the eye of a cyclone cause an incursion of dry air from the Stratosphere into the lower regions of the atmosphere it will potentially have a quite dramatic effect, adding vast amounts of heat to the wet air through which it passes. Indeed, the author believes this is precisely how a cyclone gains much of its power.

Air drawn down from just below the Tropopause (at say 10,000m) will heat as it descends at the WALR ( 6.5^oC/km) by 65^oC. However,  dry air from the Stratosphere just above will heat 50% faster (ie by 100^oC), . Although mixing and radiation could be expected to mitigate the extremes, the heat gained adiabatically within the heart of an IRV nevertheless becomes a major potential contributor to cyclonic weather systems. Potentially adding gigawatts to the energy potential of this unique type of storm, cyclones are clearly a major player in reducing global warming. To top

The Tropopause, Above and Below

At the Tropopause  the temperature remains a constant -56^oC. In both directions, both above and below this imaginary demarcation line, the temperature gradually increases. Below the Tropopause, in the lower atmosphere (ie the Troposphere), the atmosphere is dynamic. And, until the recent discovery of Hot Towers, the atmosphere above the Tropopause was always considered essentially inactive or static. To top

Hot Towers

Whilst the water to ice phase-change also involves a significant energy exchange and the possible release of electrical discharges, it involves only a negligibly small change in volume. However, ice particles can  trigger massive condensation and they thus play a significant role in the development of major storms. Dumps of icy cold air from so-called 'Hot Towers'  (see sidebar 4) are of particular relevance in cyclone genesis. To top

Microbursts

Commercial aircraft have been brought down on a number of occasions by the occurrence of a microburst from a major storm cell. Strong and impressively powerful downdrafts of cold air from the base of a thunderstorm can rob an aircraft of lift. The danger is especially critical as it comes in to land. It is thought that microbursts occurring over the sea, possibly as a result of a Hot Tower, are strongly linked to cyclone genesis.

Two Mechanisms for Cyclone Genesis

The eye of a cyclone is an inverted ring vortex (ie an externally-driven IRV). The IRV requires a very specific trigger mechanism to get started and is normally only seen in a cyclone's eye within an encirdling ring of conventional storms.

1. The recently identified 'Hot Towers', seen (by satellite thermal imaging cameras) just prior to cyclone formation  would seem to provide the most likely mechanism for cyclone genesis. As the Hot Tower looses its upward momentum and collapses back below the Troposphere, the (now frozen) vapour particles and hail may gain sufficient momentum to trigger a microburst and the formation of an inverted ring vortex (IRV).

2..An alternative mechanism could possibly be provided by the known process of vortex decay that occurs when a conventional NRV is tilted for more than a few seconds. Such tilting would almost certainly occur if  an NRV should collide with the tilted base of a  Tropical Depression and could equally well result in ice and frigid air being  dumped into the sea.

It would seem entirely possible that either or both mechanisms in unison could contribute to cyclone genesis. To top

How Sublimation contributes to a Paradox

In the overall global circulation of the atmosphere (and in arctic storms) the sublimation of ice directly to vapour is a major factor but can largely be ignored in the context of the basic research. However, it may be of consideratble significance in the longer term if global warming melts the (north) polar ice sheet.

Air flowing northward from the south pole is affected by gravity to flow down from the high antarctic plateau. Air flowing south from the North pole is floating on the sea and is thus not flowing downhill and circulation toward the equator occurs less strongly, simply to replace the warm air lifting in storms at low latitudes. The circulation in the two hemispheres is thus clearly quite different.

In so-called 'normal' conditions the cold, dry air at the arctic will still pick up some moisture from the ice and over time this will generate storms, as occur in the Antarctic. However, the situation can be expected to change significantly if global warming melts the polar ice at the North Pole each summer.

With open water, the volume of vapour released is 20x greater than when the sea is frozen and will inevitably generate far more snow than is considered the norm. Ergo, Global warming in the Northern Hemisphere creates more open water in summer and (apparently paradoxically), open water in the summer could potentially create a Northern Hemisphere Ice Age. By the obvious and quite simple mechanism, blizzards in the Fall generate vastly more snow than would have occurred had the sea been frozen over all year.

That an Ice Age could be a result of Global Warming may seem paradoxical but is easily understood within what is already known about the circulation globally within each hemisphere.

The various weather events of storm, cyclone, tornado and waterspout are all triggered by quite different basic phenomena and I saw learning how to make each one as basic to developing the methods to control, harness and utilise the power they each are able to develop. In the event, it involved two quite different basic techniques and a range of possible approaches, depending upon the specific application.

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