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HOW THE WEATHER WORKS

HOW THE WEATHER WORKS (4)

A hypothesis about how storms, the major events of our weather are triggered by the initiation of naturally occurring vortexes.

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The PHAROS LIGHTHOUSE

The PHAROS LIGHTHOUSE (1)

Reconstruction of the Pharos Lighthouse

in 2011 from ancient sources by L Krystek

A Beacon of Knowledge

Solar Powered, Highly Pro-active

(Inverted) Ring Vortex Technology.

Part 1

Having studied the ancient evidence of lost technologies[i] and produced a number of books and videos on the subject believe I have finally made the crucial breakthrough that promises to release us permanently from our grim dependence on fossil fuels.

The recovered technology is similar to modern reverse-cycle air-conditioners but is designed to be  entirely self-powered. As a mechanism, it extracts its energy from the energy differential on the negative side of the ambient energy line, using the same basic phenomena that power all natural storms.



[i] “Solar Power & Pyramids” 2004, (Lulu.com)

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Friday, 03 May 2013 02:55

The Basic Ingredients

Written by Colin McMullen
 

"Hurricane Katrina produced more energy than all the power stations on Earth combined" (news article)

 

Heat

The temperature gradient that initially drives a storm is miniscule when compared to the temperatures used in industrial power production. For efficiency, industry strives for a 1000 degrees or more to drive it's generators but the largest storm commonly works on no more than  20oC-30oC . How is this so?  To top

Basic Physics.

According to Boyle's Law, as free-flowing air is heated within the atmosphere, it's volume expands by a small amount. (ie ~1/270th/ per degree centigrade.) Thus, an increase in air temperature of 27oC will cause the volume of the air to increase by10%. This modest expansion is enough to make the air lighter and then rise by convection.

However, when water expands to vapour, it expands by a factor of 1700. Whilst water and water vapour make up only a small percentage of air they are by far the most significant mechanism in driving what we call our weather.

The main ingredient in driving the increasing wind speed and the intensity of any storm is condensation which can occur with an  almost instantaneously drop in atmospheric pressure should a vortex be initiated.  To top

In a desert,  the dry air will heat rapidly in the morning and the volume of the air may increase by 20% over the period of an hour as the tempersture goes from 0oC-50oC.  And at night, as it cools, the process is reversed. However, the presence of water vapour changes the whole process, slowing the heating proces and generally keeping temperatures more even. However, with high temperaturs and a high moisture content, the situation can change dramatically.

More vapour increases the air's volume and makes it lighter. As the air rises the air will cool and relative humidity increases, making the air increasingly unstable until, at 100% humididty, even the smallest disturbance can potentially trigger the so-called 'Butterfly Effect', the vortex phenomenon that can trigger a storm. 

When the air is super-saturated, the smallest vortex will trigger a  'positive feedback mechanism' that can turn all the available vapour into condensate or liquid water. This collapse can flow through the whole air mass within seconds turning vapour into condensate. On a hot and humid afternoon the air's volume could potentially reduce by 40% within minutes once the trigger is effected.  To top

100% Relative Humidity

As the temperature of the air drops, relative humidity rises until the dew point is reached. At that point, the volumetric collapse of vapour to liquid condensate will potentially cause an inflow that may ultimately trigger a storm. The storm may be an isolated event but it can also develop along a frontal system as a Cool Change

As a Cool Change becomes established, relative humidity rises and as more vapour condenses, a positive feedback cycle becomes established that will continue until all the available moisture is drawn in and condensed. In just minutes, in coastal cities like Sydney and Melbourne, a cool change will typically whip up high winds and cause air temperatures to plummet by as much as 20oC in a matter of minutes. The heavy rain that commonly accompanying these events can cause significant local flooding.  To top

Adiabatic Heating and Lapse Rates in Cyclones

As air rises it expands and the adiabatic process of pressure reduction with height allows the air to cool. As it descends, air pressure increases and the process acts in reverse. These effects vary very significantly depending on the vapour content of the air.  The Lapse Rate of Dry Air (DALR) is a constant 9.8oC/1000m (ie for all intents and purposes,10oC/km) and applies mainly to air in or drawn down from the Stratosphere. In stark contrast, the Wet Air Lapse Rate (WALR) of 6.5oC/km* applies to most of the air in the temperate regions within the lower atmosphere or Troposphere. the region mostly affected by weather. [*The WALR.is technically a variable but in reality and for various reasons varies very little across a wide humidity range]

 Any event that causes dry air to be drawn down from the Stratosphere will heat at the DALR (ie 10oC/1000m) which is far higher than the WALR  normally associated with the air of the tropopause though which it will pass.  Should  the eye of a cyclone cause an incursion of dry air from the Stratosphere into the lower regions of the atmosphere it will potentially have a quite dramatic effect, adding vast amounts of heat to the wet air through which it passes. Indeed, the author believes this is precisely how a cyclone gains much of its power.

Air drawn down from just below the Tropopause (at say 10,000m) will heat as it descends at the WALR ( 6.5oC/km) by 65oC. However,  dry air from the Stratosphere just above will heat 50% faster (ie by 100oC), . Although mixing and radiation could be expected to mitigate the extremes, the heat gained adiabatically within the heart of an IRV nevertheless becomes a major potential contributor to cyclonic weather systems. Potentially adding gigawatts to the energy potential of this unique type of storm, cyclones are clearly a major player in reducing global warming. To top

The Tropopause, Above and Below

At the Tropopause  the temperature remains a constant -56oC. In both directions, both above and below this imaginary demarcation line, the temperature gradually increases. Below the Tropopause, in the lower atmosphere (ie the Troposphere), the atmosphere is dynamic. And, until the recent discovery of Hot Towers, the atmosphere above the Tropopause was always considered essentially inactive or static. To top

Hot Towers

Whilst the water to ice phase-change also involves a significant energy exchange and the possible release of electrical discharges, it involves only a negligibly small change in volume. However, ice particles can  trigger massive condensation and they thus play a significant role in the development of major storms. Dumps of icy cold air from so-called 'Hot Towers'  (see sidebar 4) are of particular relevance in cyclone genesis. To top

Microbursts

Commercial aircraft have been brought down on a number of occasions by the occurrence of a microburst from a major storm cell. Strong and impressively powerful downdrafts of cold air from the base of a thunderstorm can rob an aircraft of lift. The danger is especially critical as it comes in to land. It is thought that microbursts occurring over the sea, possibly as a result of a Hot Tower, are strongly linked to cyclone genesis.

Two Mechanisms for Cyclone Genesis

The eye of a cyclone is an inverted ring vortex (ie an externally-driven IRV). The IRV requires a very specific trigger mechanism to get started and is normally only seen in a cyclone's eye within an encirdling ring of conventional storms.

1. The recently identified 'Hot Towers', seen (by satellite thermal imaging cameras) just prior to cyclone formation  would seem to provide the most likely mechanism for cyclone genesis. As the Hot Tower looses its upward momentum and collapses back below the Troposphere, the (now frozen) vapour particles and hail may gain sufficient momentum to trigger a microburst and the formation of an inverted ring vortex (IRV).

2..An alternative mechanism could possibly be provided by the known process of vortex decay that occurs when a conventional NRV is tilted for more than a few seconds. Such tilting would almost certainly occur if  an NRV should collide with the tilted base of a  Tropical Depression and could equally well result in ice and frigid air being  dumped into the sea.

It would seem entirely possible that either or both mechanisms in unison could contribute to cyclone genesis. To top

How Sublimation contributes to a Paradox

In the overall global circulation of the atmosphere (and in arctic storms) the sublimation of ice directly to vapour is a major factor but can largely be ignored in the context of the basic research. However, it may be of consideratble significance in the longer term if global warming melts the (north) polar ice sheet.

Air flowing northward from the south pole is affected by gravity to flow down from the high antarctic plateau. Air flowing south from the North pole is floating on the sea and is thus not flowing downhill and circulation toward the equator occurs less strongly, simply to replace the warm air lifting in storms at low latitudes. The circulation in the two hemispheres is thus clearly quite different.

In so-called 'normal' conditions the cold, dry air at the arctic will still pick up some moisture from the ice and over time this will generate storms, as occur in the Antarctic. However, the situation can be expected to change significantly if global warming melts the polar ice at the North Pole each summer.

With open water, the volume of vapour released is 20x greater than when the sea is frozen and will inevitably generate far more snow than is considered the norm. Ergo, Global warming in the Northern Hemisphere creates more open water in summer and (apparently paradoxically), open water in the summer could potentially create a Northern Hemisphere Ice Age. By the obvious and quite simple mechanism, blizzards in the Fall generate vastly more snow than would have occurred had the sea been frozen over all year.

That an Ice Age could be a result of Global Warming may seem paradoxical but is easily understood within what is already known about the circulation globally within each hemisphere.

The various weather events of storm, cyclone, tornado and waterspout are all triggered by quite different basic phenomena and I saw learning how to make each one as basic to developing the methods to control, harness and utilise the power they each are able to develop. In the event, it involved two quite different basic techniques and a range of possible approaches, depending upon the specific application.

To top

Saturday, 03 November 2012 11:37

A Key from our Distant Past

Written by Colin McMullen

 


In principle, the ACE Mechanism is an artificial trigger for starting a cyclone, the most powerful of all Nature's storms. The cyclone, also known as a hurricane or typhoon, is the only phenomenon within Nature with the innate ability to continuously generate a totally sustainably supply of fresh water and clean energy from the open sea at any latitude. As the  key to a long-hidden secret door, the ACE Mechanism could soon allow access to an inexhaustible supply of fresh water and clean energy.

Although highly sophisticated, the basic technology is nevertheless surprisingly simple and could be used night or day, almost anywhere on the planet to make fresh water and clean energy available to anyone who needs it. Unlike all the other types of storm, once established, a cyclone no longer has any need for a continuing supply of warm water or vapour to keep it going, it will continue producing both, without any help for as long as it remains over open water and its vortex remains unbroken

The story revealed here is of the rediscovery of a long lost technology that could change our world forever and to explain why this extraordinary knowledge has remained hidden for so long. I've included some rather curious background information that may help.

A Basic Truth

250 years after the start of the Industrial Revolution, ‘global warming’ has finally awakened us to the rather obvious fact that a truly sustainable future cannot possibly lie with fossil fuels, nor can it lie with nuclear fission since it too relies upon a non-renewable and strictly finite resource. There is only one possible resource that could potentially meet all of our needs and clearly that answer lies with Solar but not in any form we might presently recognise.

The hard-to-accept reality is that if Solar, as a technology, is to meet our every-growing energy needs then it must be developed in a form that is available anywhere to everyone, all year round and 24/7.

Of the popularly promoted and available and sustainable energy alternatives, Solar, at best, is only available when the wind blows or the sun shines. Tidal energy has the insurmountable problem of slack water. and geothermal is too unpredictable and costly to establish to ever fill the gap, except in places like Iceland, These are critical factors that mean they can never be taken seriously in supplying our basic energy requirements.

We need something better. We need a technology to extract energy from the one and only inexhaustible reserve of clean, sustainable solar energy anywhere on our planet that has the clear potential, day or night, to meet all our possible requirements for both energy and fresh water. We need a technology to extract energy from the sea. The only question that remains is “How can it best be achieved?"

Perhaps surprisingly, all we needed to tap into this global and inexhaustible supply was to study Nature, study the weather and look to the mysteries of our distant past.

Nature’s storms have been producing a virtually unlimited supply of power and fresh water since the oceans first formed, a time long before even life had emerged. If we now copy and/or enhance the best in Nature, then within a decade all the clean energy we could ever possibly need could be made available to >80% of our global population. And the rest would follow on in short order.

And, astounding as it might seem, there is a blueprint of precisely how to go about it laid out in exquisite detail in evidence that can still be deciphered in the ruins of the earliest advanced cultures on our planet. These highly developed cultures were the first to develop the more advanced forms of atmospheric ring vortex technology (ARVT or simply RVT) and, in many cases, all they left behind to do no more than prove they existed, are miles of desert and a number of incredibly massive pyramids. Soon to be on its way to a city near you, RVT comes in two distinct flavours and is based entirely upon exploiting the natural physical differentials in energy that are found within our environment throughout the world. From controlling local and regional climate, to a complete ‘alternative’ energy resource, the details of this lost technology can most easily be described by my leading you on a short study tour of four of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The first and the last of these ancient wonders define the technology and the two in the middle demonstrate just a little about its ultimate scope and its truly immense power and potential.

The 1st Ancient Wonder, the Great Pyramids at Giza.

The Great Pyramids at Giza are collectively the oldest and only remaining of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They are also without doubt the initial and principal key to these revelations but their study merely opened the door to further mysteries that were ultimately uncovered by my reveloping a model of the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria, the last of the Seven Ancient Wonders.

In his book “Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid”, Englishman and 'Astronomer Royal of Scotland', Charles Piazzi Smyth first defined the incredible precision of the Great Pyramid, describing it as “accurate to within 8 inches”. His book was a massive best seller of its time (1865) and, in direct consequence, to this day, Smyth's definition is still commonly quoted and widely accepted as totally accurate even by those who should perhaps know better.

Around 2000, I happened to get into discussion with a noted uni professor and leader of a major field research project at Giza, about their knowledge of the extraordinary precision in the construction of the pyramids. (I withhold their name. to give them the courtesy they failed to show me). I asked them for their response to what to me at that time was new but highly reliable evidence that Smyth was in error and that the pyramid was indeed far more accurate than he (Smyth) had defined 'by an order of magnitude'. In response, the eminent professor told me in no short order that I was clearly mistaken and I was summarily dismissed from further debate. I got no response either, when I later sent them chapter and verse from arguably the most eminent and reliable of sources, Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie.

Unfortunately, as proven by Flinders Petrie in 1881, (and later confirmed by JH Cole in 1925), the egotistical Smyth had promoted a number of grave errors that were to have the direst of consequences of truly historic proportions but not in any way that anyone is/was or would ever be likely to predict. [ Author's Note: Some of Smyth's errors were also discovered by myself in the mid-1960's and were in fact almost entirely responsible for my independent course of research over the next 50 years, research that providentially ultimately lead to the discoveries now being discussed.]

In his 1883 book, “Pyramids and Temples at Gizeh (sic)”,Petrie defined the true precision as being 12x more accurate than is (still) commonly thought but, due to the strangest of circumstances (see "The Greatest Fraud in History? - or innocent Misdirection', elsewhere on this site ) that truth remained hidden for well over 100 years. This misdirection has seen science totally miss critical knowledge that would otherwise almost certainly have revealed this technology 150 years earlier.

Whilst Smyth had defined something that for the majority was already almost beyond belief, Petrie went further and showed that in fact Smyth’s description had seriously under-stated the precision of the Great Pyramid by significantly more than an order of magnitude, a fact that no one within academia appeared to notice or consider in any way significant.

The error in scale and achievement is somewhat like passing off the Hubble telescope as simply a magnifying glass. A magnifying glass can certainly provide revelations but it cannot rationally be compared to the mind-blowing achievement or scale of the Hubble telescope.

Flinders Petrie was later knighted (in 1934) as ‘the father of scientific methodology in Archaeology’ but the long-term suppression of his extraordinary early discoveries at Giza has undoubtedly delayed their full appreciation by at least 150 years.

Arguably, it can still be shown that, its original condition, the Great Pyramid was by far the most massively perfect and accurate structure ever built on our planet, bar none. It was perfectly aligned to the earth’s axis (and is still within 1/200th degree) but was originally sheathed with a highly reflective (possibly gilded) surface of polished marble that was removed in the 14th century to rebuild Cairo after a major earthquake.

However, it is notable that even the subsurface blocks still remaining were shown (by Petrie) to have a mean error (or accuracy) in their alignment of 1/8th inch (4mm) or better. We can never truly know how accurate the original surface was but it can hardly have been less precise than the extraordinary precision of the foundation structure underneath, that even after 4500 years, still approaches perfection. [NB It is further estimated that at least a half of the tiny measurable error in alignment that now exists (~1/200 degree) can be put down to movement of the earth’s tectonic plates.]

Clearly, when first built, each polished and slightly concave face of the Great Pyramids was at least as accurate as the blocks of the core that still remain. Clearly too, it was as close to perfect as it was possible to achieve and was used as a four-sided optical instrument to focus sunlight for reasons that no one truly understood or comprehended for a great many centuries.

The 2nd Great Pyramid is still commonly ignored because of its slightly-less-than-perfect construction when compared to its partner. However, it did have some further very evidential refinements in the construction techniques used (see my 2002 book "The Perfect Pyramid") and it was clearly built as an effective ‘twin’ in its perfectly matching total elevation and other dimensions. In modern parlance it can now be shown the second pyramid quadrupled the total effectiveness of the base technology, creating a “Virtual pyramid" with a base measurement of around 500m, more than 4x as large as the single, initial structure. This “virtual pyramid’ passively and largely automatically affected the local climate to create regular and massive thermal activity in the atmosphere and significant rain along the borders of the Sahara, the largest and hottest desert on earth.

Massive water erosion has recently been discovered around the base of the Sphinx, a structure contemporary with the pyramids and a part of the same complex. The erosion is near-to-positive proof of a massive increase in local rainfall that obviously occurred in the time since these structures were all built.There would otherwise appear to be no logical explanation for this erosion although, in an ironic twist, this same evidence has been argued as proof the Sphinx must be 50,000 - 1000,000 years older than the pyramids.

Proving a negative is difficulty at best and, 4500 years after its construction, proving the truth of a long-lost but passive technology is next to impossible, especially one that is so simple in its basic concept. However, two negatives make a positive and the true purpose of the ‘Great’ and the ‘Second’ pyramids can now be defined somewhat more conclusively by looking back from the next great leap in solar technology taken 2000 years later, around 300BCE at Alexandria in Egypt.

 

Ancient Wonders 2 and 3

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The link in chronology might be thought a little tenuous but it appears the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon may give us a marker tying to an early part of pyramid technology that pre-dates the Egyptian period by a significant margin. The Sumerians who built the Hanging Gardens apparently appeared from nowhere around 4500BCE and they built at least one ziggurat close to every town across Sumer, (later Mesopotamia or modern day Iraq). Ziggurats are an ancient or early form of the stepped pyramid and it is also widely accepted that the Hanging Gardens may have been in the form of a ziggurat that was later covered in a tiered façade of greenery.

TheTemple of Jupiter at Baal Bek

Perhaps more conclusive, is evidence of the scale and/or power of these lost technologies as seen beneath the Roman Temple of Jupiter at Baal Bek. The interest here is not the Roman temple per se, but in the platform upon which it was built. Apparently  dating from a much earlier period, the platform consists of 27 massive blocks of stone, all estimated to weigh in excess of 400 tonnes. The three largest, now known as the Trilithon, are each estimated to weigh well in excess of 800 tonnes.

Although larger weights can now be lifted, it requires the largest cranes in the world and occurs as a straight, vertical dead-lift and the Trilithon can still claim the three largest blocks ever transported over land and we still have no idea about how it was done, or why. It may even have been done purely as an example to future generations of what was physically possible all that time ago by a long-lost civilisation. The fact that a larger 1200-tonne block, the ‘Stone of the South’ still remains in the original quarry, unmoved (and possibly unmovable) gives some credibility to this interpretation.

Ancient Wonder No 4, the 7th Wonder of the Ancient World, The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria.

The Pharos Lighthouse and the closely associated projects of the Alexandria Canal and the double harbour at Alexandria (still one of the largest artificial harbours in the world) were all built at around the same time and all can now be shown as being individual parts of a more advanced and pro-active form, of the same technology as seen in the pyramids.  A reconstruction reveals the Pharos was principally designed to trigger and sustainably harness the physical phenomenon of the cyclone’s eye in order to provide the new city of Alexandria with a year round supply of clean fresh water.

Only from my earlier experience with the very similar but passive technology of the pyramids has it been possible to recognise piece together the far more complex and intricate subtleties of the Pharos project but they now provide an extraordinary level of proof by cross-referencing between them.

In the ultimate analysis it seems both projects made use of atmospheric ring vortexes but they did do so in totally different ways. Whilst the technology of the pyramids can certainly be enhanced it is essentially and almost exclusively a very simple and passive technology. However, the known existence of a viaduct at Alexandria clearly suggested (to me) the Pharos may (or even must?) have produced fresh water. Reverse engineering then revealed the rest of the technology at an ever-increasing and quite extraordinary pace.

Further research and the construction of a 1:100 model have since allowed me to deduce and largely replicate this ancient and potentially immensely powerful technology. It seems that over two or more millennia, the Ancient Egyptians first developed a passive solar technology with the potential to influence the weather and that later they developed it further as an active technology with the potential to extract unlimited fresh water (and energy) from the sea. Ultimately, this technology would seem to have the potential to totally take charge of our global climate and supply us with unlimited fresh water and energy.

 

 

 

 

The Keys to Unlimited Fresh Water and Clean Energy

lighthouse-02 The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

Reconstruction of the Pharos Lighthouse (2) in 2011 from ancient sources by L Krystek



 

A Dream no more

Tests on a series of models have revealed in exquisite detail the basic secrets of what appears to be a sophisticated and remarkably complete ‘Alternative Technology’, well matched to meeting the requirements of a modern high-rise urban society. The viaduct alone (see the image above) is powerful evidence the building produced fresh water and, with only minimal adjustments, suggests that variations of the exact same techniques could equally well provide continuous and unlimited electrical power and/or propel an entirely new type of VTOL aircraft with virtually unlimited capabilities in load, speed and range. The reverse form of this same technology will also once again find use in potentially mitigating the devastation caused by major land-based weather events like tornados.

Since time immemorial people have dreamt of harnessing or controlling storms that occur at every latitude. Now, by reverse engineering from the ancient evidence I have recovered a library of long lost technologies and can demonstrate, at least in principle, how those ancient dreams can become reality. In essence it's all about reinventing the past and taking control of the most powerful atmospheric phenomena seen in Nature, storms, waterspouts, cyclones and of course tornados.

From observations of the weather, by deduction and by trial and error over the last 10 years, I have pieced together evidence from the past that has allowed me to gradually recover an ancient technology that will make it possible for anyone, anywhere on earth to extract free energy and fresh water from the atmosphere at any time.

Based somewhat on the principle of the so-called 'Butterfly Effect, the exact same phenomena that Nature employs can be triggered artificially in an entirely controlled manner. Once started, assuming suitable conditions prevail, these effects could clearly be made to provide a continuous supply of power and fresh water. To top

It has long been assumed that copying how Nature extracts energy from the air was either impossible or would required unlimited power. However, the infamous 'Butterfly Effect' from Chaos Theory rather suggested otherwise. Indeed, it now seems that by triggering the quite basic effects seen every day in Nature, it is entirely possible to bring the weather and possibly our whole climate under effective human control with the simplest, the oldest and the most enigmatic form of technology known to Man, one that links to the earliest evidence of civilisation, the 43,500 (identified) ancient pyramids, found on every continent and on strategic islands right around the world.

The ability to control the vortex phenomena of our weather will provide numerous additional benefits. Unlimited energy and fresh water is a given but it also includes a super-efficient VTOL aircraft that harnesses the lifting force so often demonstrated to deadly effect in tornados.

Of possibly even greater significance, is that all of this technology was almost certainly used before in the distant past. Indeed, it's recovery is based on my study of evidence left over by ancient civilisations around the world who essentially left behind a blueprint from which to work. By applying the techniques of reverse enginering to evidence at a thousand ancient sites, the knowledge is simply waiting to be re-applied. To top

A Case to be Made

Everyone knows that our weather is solar powered and simple observation soon reveals that various vortexes and vortex combinations are the primary mechanism driving every major storm. The difficulty has been in understanding the many possibilities and  work out how they affect the events we see every day in the weather. It was then necessary to work out how they might be harnessed and artificially controlled.

Starting with evidence from the Great Pyramid, the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, further illumination has come to light, somewhat appropriately, from a study of the last of those Seven Ancient Wonders, the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria. In every sense, these two ancient and monolithic structures have revealed in exquisite detail the scale of the use of this technology in the distant past. I am now able to define in some significant detail, exactly how these buildings worked and why. And its all about atmospheric ring vortexes, those oddly fascinating phenomena we commonly know as smoke rings. To top

Whirlpools of Complexity

There are two types of vortex, the ring and the linear. They commonly interact and are frequently found in any number of different orientations and combinations. Both types can rotate internally in either direction and can be produced in either a conventional or inverted orientation.

All vortexes require a trigger mechanism to get them started but once started the ring vortex in particular can continue to grow and grow and grow, often from the smallest of beginnings, as proverbially suggested by the scenario of the so-called 'Butterfly Effect'. To top

I have now developed an understanding of the various mechanisms and how they apply in all the major events of our weather, covered in more detail in 'How the Weather Works'. I have also developed techniques to harness and control a vortex combination not found in Nature. (The closest to it is that scourge of aviators known as windshear or a 'microburst'). More specifically, these elements produce a miniature form of the phenomena we know as the eye of a cyclone, the central element of the most powerful of all storms.

As demonstrated in the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria, my final construct, the ACE* Mechanism, makes use of a phenomena too unstable to occur spontaneously in Nature, an inverted form of the tornado funnel (or 'normal' linear vortex, NLV). This Inverted Linear Vortex or ILV, is produced artificially by combining a number of factors that in Nature quite normally affect air pressure and humidity. In this case they are produced and controlled by the ACE Mechanism.

When used in the appropriate combination, these elements trigger the core event of the eye of a cyclone, the Inverted Ring Vortex (IRV). The mechanism is driven by two of Nature's most powerful vortex phenomena the tornado (now inverted) and the closed ring of convection essential to sustaining the inverted ring voertex (IRV). This unique combination offers free energy, free water and a new type of aircraft propulsion that draws on the power potential of the tornado. *ACE, for Atmospheric Cyclone Event. To top

 

The most significant mechanism involved is the ring vortex or, more specifically, the horizontal ring vortex (HRV). The ring vortex is only completely stable when formed horizontally but can be produced in either the 'normal' (NRV) or 'inverted' (IRV) forms. The HRV provides the amplification essential for all useful applications and the precise way in which this extraordinary phenomena achieves its magic has been the basis of my research.for the past 5 years. However, whilst the HRV is by far the most important phenomena in producing sustainable and usable power, it is in the development of methods to control it with a linear vortex that the secret lies in providing the means to its control.

In Nature the common (normal) Ring Vortex (NRV) is ubiquitous. It occurs spontaneously as a result of convection and is the major engine behind almost every type of storm*. The alternative form, the Inverted Ring Vortex (IRV) is only witnessed in Nature in wind shear and microburst events and within the eye of a cyclone where it drives the largest of all.nature's storms, the dreaded cyclone, known also in different places as the typhoon or hurricane. *the one exception is the smaller of the two types of tornado (more on this elsewhere) To top

Ultimately, as will be shown, it is the inverted form of the HRV, the IRV, as seen in the eye of a cyclone, that is the key to unlocking the secret energy of the atmosphere. Evidence recently analysed suggests the IRV was used in the distant past and now, once again, it is being made available with what (to us) is a new technology.

The secrets of this long-lost technology are written in the evidence left over from our past, most especially in the technology of the Great Pyramid and the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the two largest and most enigmatic of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. To top

With a suitable supply of energy, once it is started, even the smallest HRV can continue growing exponentially to become a major storm, a concept widely recognised within Chaos Theory as the basis of the so-called 'Butterfly Effect'. In the ultimate scenario, as its name suggests the mere 'flapping of the wings of a butterfly' could be enough to utimately trigger a major storm. It has become a basic element of my original hypothesis to replace these butterflies with something a little more practical.

By combining Chaos Theory with a better understanding of Horizontal Ring Vortexes the keys are now to hand to unlock the unlimited FREE energy and fresh water available everywhere within our earth's atmosphere. Both the energy and the water are available as a part of the entirely natural physical balance occuring within a planetary climatic system like Earth's, that is based specifically on the phase-change properties of ice, water and water vapour. This newly recovered technology will serve to mimic Nature as the ultimate form of Solar Power technology. To top

A Basis in Practical Research

From building a series (of around 100) practical models of the vortex phenomena seen in our weather, I’ve discovered the extraordinary role played in every major storm by the horizontal ring vortex (HRV). The HRV is most commonly recognised as a smoke ring or infamous 'mushroom' cloud but in the natural phenomena of our weather an additional, highly significant ingredient is introduced. That magic ingredient is simply water vapour. In conditions of high Relative Humidity, the basic HRV evolves into the natural energy amplifier of the vast majority of the recognised major weather events. To top

By creating a pressure differential, atmospheric vortexes extract energy from the water vapour held naturally in the air. When formed in a horizontal ring (whether in the 'normal' or 'inverted' form) such a vortex  becomes the primary driving force behind the creation of all major storm activity.

There is now every reason to believe these effects can be triggered artificially and more or less at will. As suggested in the 'Butterfly Effect' scenario, the appropriate triggers are obviously more easily effected in conditions of high relative humidity. However, once started the exact same phenomena can still potentially produce usable energy wherever vapour or vapour-making effects can be created. In the most extreme example, as commonly referenced in ads and articles (about the application of commercial heat pumps), the energy to heat your office or your home can in theory be extracted even from ice and snow.

My research suggests Horizontal Ring Vortexes (HRVs) could well provide our civilisation with the basic solution to some of its greatest problems: a cheap, effective and entirely sustainable method of gaining access to unlimited clean energy and clean, fresh, potable water. The technology can make both clean water and clean energy freely available anywhere within the atmosphere or sea. In an ironic twist, this is the exact same source responsible for global warming. To top

Re-addressing Chaos Theory.

Controlling the weather is clearly all about introducing the right influences at the appropriate point in space and time to trigger the desired effects. Of course, with our modern engineering capabilities, we can replace the butterflies with something more effective but the basic principle remains and, to extend the allegory, if we can efficiently control the 'butterflies' we can certainly control the weather.

Producing the desired effects obviously requires the application of an appropriate force, applied either automatically and/or by a deliberate and specific act. In the majority of situations on land, effective control could potentially be achieved entirely automatically with basically passive structures, designed to trigger the appropuriate ring vortex. The most obvious of these structures in the past included the pyramids but also potentially include minarets, stupas, zigurats and pagodas. However, at sea, where the majority of major storms originate, a different technique is required. To top

Artificially producing rain in a desert obviously requires a significant regional source of (sea?)water, some heat and (preferably) a relatively massive trigger mechanism to get things started. In the opposite situation, where extreme storms (ie tornados) are the main problem (as occurs in the central states of the USA), a large number of quite small trigger mechanisms will arguably serve more appropriately. Where extremely humid air can be mixed with a layer of colder and/or dryer air, a large number of small trigger mechanism units (most recognisably pyramids) could set off numerous much smaller storms to pre-empt the build-up over time of potentially far more dangerous conditions.

Perhaps surprisingly, I believe there is very good evidence globally that these techniques were used widely in the distant past. There is also evidence in more recent times that the evidence has simply gone unrecognised with somewhat disastrous consequences. (More on this later). To top

Testing the Principle

Simple experimentation, reproducing the basic phenomena seen in storms, has demonstrated that quite simple man-made structures could have a major influence on local climate by acting to trigger storm activity whenever suitable conditions prevail and certainly far sooner than would occur naturally without this intervention. And once the simple principles are understood, it is quite obvious the basic effects can also be greatly enhanced in any number of ways. In the central US states it would seem entirely possible to potentially trigger 100's or 1000's of (relatively) small storms and thus largely prevent far more dangerous tornados and (supercell) storms from ever eventuating. (MOTL)

The idea of controlling the weather initially seems so far beyond our technology that few have given it really serious consideration. However, the basic concepts arising from Chaos Theory suggest it could be far simpler than was ever previously thought possible and so far this is born out in my simple tests.

As far as I've been able to determine, it's simply a matter of taking it one small step at a time and developing methods by which to trigger the desired effect. By triggering the appropriate mechanisms (introduced later) where they will generate the most effect, it would seem entirely possible to mimic any of the events recognised in Nature, making it possible to greatly mitigate the more extreme weather events, both of drought and major storms. To top

Whilst it's clearly impossible and indeed highly undesirable to significantly change the seasons, the concept of mitigating the worst effects of major storms would seem highly desirable and well within our present engineering capability. It simple requires that we understand and appreciate how the major mechanisms of the weather work within Nature, and in particular this involves the role of HRVs.

Far from preventing storms, the basic principle of effective Climate Control is to trigger storms as soon as is physically practicable and so pre-empt the development of far more serious events. Although the prevailing trade winds will always carry these storms downwind there is also every reason to believe that regional climates everywhere could quickly come under some level of human control. To top

The 'Normal' and the 'Inverted' Ring Vortex.

All vortexes have the same inate ability to grow exponentially from the tiniest of beginnings, for as long as a suitable source of energy is available, generally in the form of atmopheric water vapour. All types of vortex can and indeed do interact with one another to produce the different phenomena we commonly identify as the different types of storm. Different regions have different names, (ie the twister, typhoon, hurricane etc., etc) but all major storms essentially come within the three main categories, identified as the basic thunderstorm, the tornado and the cyclone. The waterspout is also of interest in rain creation and desalination. And although rain also quite obviously results from less enegetic interactions, at the moment they can be disregarded.

The proverbial butterfly creates wingtip vortexes that are essentially linear but in truth it is the Ring Vortex that is the primary stable amplifier of power within our weather and then only when formed or triggered Horizontally.

Within Nature the HRV is the essential element that amplifies or concentrates the available energy. In a general sense and by contrast, the linear vortex is commonly more an element of a decaying vortex system. (NB. Within seconds, convection within its core will cause any non-horizontal ring vortex to break up into two counter-rotating linear vortexes and although potentially extremely dangerous, they can for the moment be categorised as linear and for the purpose of this discussion, ignored.) To top

It is thus the highly stable Horizontal Ring Vortex (HRV) that is by far the most significant phenomena in powering different types of storm and our weather as a whole. The complexity seen in the various forms of extreme weather is produced by the fact that the basic (HRV) phenomena comes in two orientations. For clarity, I’ve named them the NRV and the IRV, (for the 'normal' and 'Inverted' Ring Vortex, respectively).

The NRV is ubiquitous and is the natural mechanism behind every storm. The far rarer, Inverted Ring Vortex (IRV) however, is potentially more powerful and, once established, more amenable to direct control. It is of note that the IRV is also far more effictive at accessing additional energy from sources not otherwise available.

So, whilst the NRV is ideal as an automatic and essentially passive control mechanism, the IRV is arguably the more significant phenomena when it comes to harnessing energy by artificial means since, on a global basis, it plays the major role as the driving mechanism of the cyclone. To top

In the ultimate application, HRV technology could be developed to generate cyclonic IRV activity in order to prevent the later occurrence of a far more serious storm. There is also the technical feasibility of developing a specific mechanism to automatically produce an IRV or Atmospheric Cyclone Event (ACE). A mechanism to automatically produce an ACE would require any of a number of entirely predictable elements but (IMHO) there is one excellant example in the historical archives that would seem to fit the known and predictable facts in every possible way.

More commonly known as the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the extraordinary Pharos of Alexandria is the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and its known physical features would appear to precisely and very specifically match the requirements of a desalination plant that (with relatively minimal additions now possibly lost beneath the sea) could have been powered by an entirely automatic ACE mechanism. [1]. To top

More on the NRV v IRV

Both forms of the HRV are of interest as the basic engines of our weather but they have remarkably different characteristics that are of particular interest in relation to the effects they produce and how those effects might be harnessed.

The NRV is self-starting and can easily be made largely automatic in operation. It is the trigger mechanism behind most storms and has major potential to be applied to automatically control our climate, both in bringing rain where required and in limiting the power of major land-based storms. Quite clearly the essence of Climate Control is the specific control of wind and rain (especially on land) and the highly specific characteristics of NRVs are thus of immense significance in this regard. To top

In contrast, the IRV requires a very specific set of circumstances to get started but once established is more efficient and potentially far more powerful. Also, by being more adaptable and amenable to artificial control, the IRV has the potential to play a major role in a wide range of secondary applications.

In its controlled form, the IRV can potentially produce unlimited power and potable water; it can control and/or mitigate cyclones and also serve to power a new green, clean and highly versatile VTOL aircraft. I believe identifying the many roles and applications of the IRV to be a discovery of truly major significance. To top

Basic Concepts.

As a physical phenomena, vortexes are a natural and extremely efficient energy exchange mechanism or heat pump. Mechanical Heat Pumps are the basic machines of the refrigeration and air conditioning industry and are able to extract the free energy of latent heat from the atmosphere, the sea or even from snow and ice. This is entirely accepted physics.

A normal refrigeration and/or air conditioner unit produces an 'energy gain' of around 3.6 but unfortunately this gain is (generally) based on the use of power from the National Grid. The use of air conditioning equipment in both extremes of the weather is thus a major problem for energy suppliers. An air conditioner that needed no connection to the grid would, on its own, be a very significant breakthrough. To top

The energy 'gain' figure of ~3.6 is based on the well-accepted fact that (nominally) a conventional air conditioner will use 1kw of electrical energy to drive a motor that will then produce 3.6kw of usable energy that, (depending on the machine's internal switching) can then be used to either heat or cool your home. These figures can of course be scaled and the efficiency can be improved with a suitable source of energy. The problem though, is that the output (3.6kw) of these machines is so-called 'low-grade' energy but the input (1kw) must be 'high-grade'  energy in the form of electricity. Until now, no one it seems had thought to seriously challenge how Nature does exactly the same thing entirely automatically in every storm and of course, without the ‘high grade’ energy drain on the national grid. To top

Potential Unlimited

It would seem self-evident that it should be possible to create artificially, all the effects produced by the weather within Nature. It would also seem self-evident that achieving such a goal would essentially allow us to recreate almost at will all the major events of our weather. The only problem remaining is 'how to do it?'

Wind and rain, essentially on demand would provide obvious benefits since both could clearly be more easily harnessed if produced in controlled circumstances but the phenomena available within this new technology also includes the mighty tornado with its incredible ability to destroy buildings and throw cars and trucks into the air. If vortex technology can be developed there is every reason to believe that the ability of the tornado to lift incredible weights can also potentially be brought on line for human use. Thus, in addition to all the effects of our weather, the controlled use of vortex technology has potential to open up an entire new form of aviation that is non-polluting, cheap and super efficient. To top

energy_differential

After Energy is Extracted - the sun's heat brings the air back up to the regional norm.

It is entirely accepted that the two most energetic weather events, the tornado and the cyclone can each produce a drop in atmospheric pressure well in excess of 100mb or 10% below the norm. Indeed, from the atmospheric norm of ~1012mb, a record LOW of 870mb was registered in 1979 in Pacific typhoon Tip (a % drop of 13.8%). It should also be remembered that Nature's storms, driven entirely by solar energy, are able to produce entirely similar effects at any latitude.

A (nominal) 100mb pressure differential represents a potential lifting force of 1000kg/m2 (1tonne/m2). This is approximately 3x the lift provided by the most efficient high-performance wing of a modern jet airliner. Equalling what Nature already does on a regular basis is seen as the absolute minimum for a new technology that, like Nature, extracts its energy from the NEGATIVE side of the MEAN temperature line and, as a by-product, simply produces fresh water and cool air (see fig). To top

Two for the Price of One

Both the NRV and IRV have the innate capacity to extract energy from the water vapour held naturally in the atmosphere but the two ring vortex mechanisms otherwise have very different characteristics. Like any storm cell, the NRV is able to extract water and energy from the air. However, the IRV in the heart of Nature’s cyclone has the ability to efficiently tap into not one but TWO additional sources of energy. It is this extraordinary capability, detailed next, that sets the IRV apart as being of extra special interest.

By its natural characteristic of driving down toward the ground and by spanning the whole lower atmosphere all the way up to the Tropopause, the IRV in the eye of a cyclone is far more efficient than the common NRV in its ability to tap into energy from the sea. In the cyclone it also has the additional, unique ability to extract energy from the Stratosphere (the layer above the Troposphere) by engaging the adiabatic process. (Described in more detail in the section on "How the Weather Works", see sidebar). To top

High Flying Potential.

As a basis of research, it seemed to me self-obvious that it must be possible to replicate what Nature does 50,000 times every day (in every storm) and the possibility presented an obvious route to a free and unlimited source of fresh water and energy. All that was needed was to learn how mother Nature performed her daily miracles. It was not even essential that we fully understood the detail, although that understanding would surely come with time.

We rely explicitly on the energy and water that Nature produces every day in every storm. It is the basis for all life on the land and the results are defined in every weather report and need no further explanation. Despite my limited engineering ability, in well over 50 practical tests, I have found it relatively easily to replicate the effects seen in Nature and have finally refined those mechanisms to two basic, definable phenomena, the IRV and the NRV.

The IRV is the trigger and engine of the cyclone. It also provides the pro-active version of HRV technology. In Nature, the cyclone's eye is its defining mechanism and is thus by far the most significant power source in our weather, adding enormously to the total power of the cyclone as a unique and specific type of storm. To top

By its ability to generate evermore vapour from a ground-hugging IRV, over the open ocean the core vortex of the cyclone has a uniquely powerful ability to grow in power. The cyclone's eye sucks energy from the sea in a way unmatched by any other storm phenomena.
NB It is of some significance that in Nature, cyclones cannot start or be sustained over the land.

Once the eye is established and whilst it still remains over the open sea, a cyclone can continue growing exponentially, dropping sea temperatures to a significanr depth by as much as 5oC. The IRV of a cyclone naturally aligns the four forces of convection, evaporation, cooling and adiabatic heating in the most effective manner possible to maximise the total efficiency of the storm. To top

In stark contrast, the NRV of a basic storm is self-limiting in its diameter and the forces created give it a strong potential to climb. The NRV is thus more or less limited to drawing energy from the vapour already in the atmosphere and has minimal ability to access energy drawn as vapour from the sea.

We thus have two forms of the same phenomena that offer extraordinarily different capabilities, so different they represent the basis of two totally new areas of technology. The two forms can also combine to potentially bring solar technology in from the cold as the energy source of the future. To top

Introducing the ACE Mechanism

My research finally became focussed on perfecting a specific trigger mechanism to bring the powerful IRV under human control. My mechanical version of the Atmospheric Cyclone Engine has the ability to replicate all of the phenomena of that unique engine of Nature, normally seen only within the eye of a cyclone.

By it's basic characteristic, whilst a NRV tends to climb against the surrounding atmosphere, an IRV is naturally forced down and into ever-closer contact with the ground. This downward force also grows exponentially as part of the feedback cycle as the vortex intensifies. As a result, for as long as a suitable source of energy and vapour are available, the natural forces within the cyclone's eye maximise the development of a strong region of low pressure within the area contained by the central vortex ring. To top

The ACE Mechanism would seem to have three major applications

1. As the autonomous drive mechanism and power plant of a novel type of aircraft

2. For use in climate control as a mobile trigger mechanism to pre-emptively initiate storm activity to mitigate potentially greater damage in the predictable future.

3. As a coastal, self-powered desalination plant (see The Pharos Lighthouse).

The ACE Mechanism in Aircraft

Within the ACE Mechanism, the essential ground plane can be created as an artificial and integral part of the machine. This arrangement isolates the low-pressure vortex affecting the body of the machine from the real ground beneath, isolating it as a unit from the normal atmospheric pressure that exists external to the machine as a unit. The whole machine thus develops a pressure differential top-to-bottom that inevitably results in the production of very significant lift.

Although the pressure below the machine stays at the atmospheric norm, by the very nature of its design, the top of the machine is under the influence of the vortex attached to the machine's perimeter. This makes the whole top surface of the machine act as an extremely efficient wing. The steepness of the pressure differential or 'bell curve' normally associated with a conventional wing surface is maximised by these effects, making for a VTOL aircraft with, potentially, an extremely high wing loading. Since the wing is also the body of the aircraft, it also makes for an extremely compact aircraft. To top

By definition, ring vortexes largely recycle the energy they use and also draw in more energy from vapour in the atmosphere around them. Thus, except for safety, starting and issues of general versatility, an ACE aircraft would have little need of heavy engines or a massive fuel load in any accepted sense. Also, being essentially VTOL like a helicopter (but much faster and vastly more efficient), the ACE-powered aircraft has no need of a heavy undercarriage or large airfields with long runways. Since wind noise and (possibly) hissing steam above the craft are the only sounds being generated the machine would also be relatively quiet and could fly with point-to-point precision to and from city centres.

Compared to conventional aircraft, the list of advantages includes super-efficiency, relatively high speed and potentially unlimited range and payload. Since it would also have virtually unlimited on-station endurance, there is further potential as a high-altitude communications station with space launch and recovery potential and other benefits too long to list in any detail at this time. Even if only a half of this potential is realised, the IRV-based ACE aircraft will still have significant advantages in every performance area over all existing aircraft types and is clearly the way of the future. To top

From Cyclone Prevention to...

NRV technology has a major role in mitigating the weather extremes of land-based storms but as a mechanism they are potentially bulky land-based structures. Cyclones however develop at sea and a system of controlling or preventing them requires a somewhat different, less bulky and highly mobile approach to cover the vast geographic areas involved and the specific nature of storms generated at sea.

It is generally accepted that sea temperature is a key factor in the development of larger storms. When the sea temperature is 25.5oC the Category 1 - 3 cyclone that eventuates is generally not a major problem and causes minimal damage. However, with the sea just 2oC warmer at 27.5oC, a Category 2 or 3 storm can rapidly grow into a deadly Category 4 or even, potentially, a catastrophic Category 5 storm. It is notable that when it struck New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina had just been downgraded from a Category 4 to a Category 3 storm. To top

To prevent major damage from such storms there would seem to be two options. The more obvious would be to build hybridised craft with the potential mobility benefits of the ACE Mechanism being combined with NRV technology for use when these craft were suitably deployed. However, although copying the approach used on land would seem the obvious way to go, it leaves open a seriously dangerous possibility. Since the machine nominally provides no physical containment of the vortex it produces there would be significant potential for the ACE aircraft to inadvertently trigger a cyclone as it landed on the sea.

A safer and far more effective solution may simply be to acknowledge this possibility and instead use the ACE Mechanism in a far more pro-active role to deliberately trigger numerous mini-cyclones as and where necessary across the whole vast area of over-heated ocean. The technique would presumably generate numerous Category One storms but if done as a part of an ocean-wide management program, it would seem possible to prevent sea temperatures from ever rising to dangerous levels. ACE technology thus has potential to entirely prevent the occurrence of the larger and more damaging storms. To top

...Automatic Climate Control

The automatic process within Nature that triggers a rainstorm is commonly started when a bubble of warm vapour starts to rise from tthe ground as described in 'How the Weather Works". The process of vortex formation this triggers can be focussed and enhanced most efficiently with a square pyramid, preferably one with a high thermal mass and surrounded by a moat of warm water that releases lots of vapour.

A square, sun-warmed pyramid is ideal for accelerating the rising air currents, forcing them to accelerate as they close in toward the top of the pyramid from every side. And the faster the air currents rise, the faster the vortex rotation and the greater the surface evaporation and lift potential of that air.

With strong rotational energy, air accelerated in this way will readily form a ring vorvex, giving it a far stronger chance of reaching the dew point than would occur simply by similar events occurring spontaneously and naturally within the landscape. To top

Getting Back to Nature

Although success in any research program can never be totally guaranteed, the principle of copying Nature can hardly be faulted. The mechanism of reproducing storms by artificially inducing powerful thermal activity would also, as a technique, seem beyond reproach and easily tested by any research body with sufficient funds.

The ACE Mechanism will not be described in detail at this time but also appears extremely close to final success but whether that success comes in a week, a month or a year I cannot predict. After more than 3 years of experimentation, I believe I have most of the bugs ironed out for this particular, fully autonomous version of the technology but when that final result might come will depend on a number of possibilities. ie On the availability of time, money and solving the remaining unknown hitches etc, etc. To top

Whoever takes those final steps, I am confident that the many potential advantages of Vortex Technology as a whole will eventually prove out, to provide solutions to the many problems we presently face with energy, global warming, pollution and transport. Indirectly, it will also open the door to our past and a future whose potential we have yet to even dream about.

1] IRV rotation has also been identified in modified form within the global circulation of each planetary hemisphere. (MOTL).

To to
Monday, 12 December 2011 09:54

The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

Written by Colin McMullen

pharos_inside_elev

Fig.1 The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

Image from unknown source found on Shipwrecks of Egypt website

pharos_inside_elev

Fig.2 The inside workings of the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

Image from unknown source found on Shipwrecks of Egypt website

  • Recovering a Viable Alternative Technology.
  • The Special Features of the Pharos.
  • 1. Location.
  • 2. Height.
  • 3. The Viaduct.
  • 4. The Viaduct's location and detail.
  • 5. Plaza (~5m AMSL).
  • 6. Plaza Sealing and design imperatives.
  • 7. Tower–1st Stage.(~90m-100m AMSL)
  • 8. Tower–2nd Stage. (~110m+ AMSL).
  • 9. Tower–3rd Stage. (~117m AMSL).
  • 10. Fifty rooms of Visitor Accommodation.
  • 11. The Hollow Tower and Elevators.
  • 12. Estuarine Heat Traps.
  • 13. Anomalous Funnels of 'Smoke'.
  • 14. The Plaza Colonnade.
  •  

    Recovering a Viable 'Alternative' Technology.

    Built c300BC, the Pharos was damaged by an earthquake c1000AD but continued to operate in a slightly reduced capacity until totally ruined by a further series of earthquakes c1300AD. However, from images on coins and pottery and from written descriptions, a significant amount is known about what was arguably one of the world’s earliest tourist Mecca’s. Clearly far more than simply a lighthouse, well over a dozen unique and highly specific features will be described in detail that go toward defining its hidden secrets and true purpose.

    In the simplest terms, the lighthouse was built primarily to produce a supply of fresh water for the new city of Alexandria. The water was extracted from the air by the unique mechanisms of its construction and was delivered to the city by a viaduct. The basic principle of its operation was to amplify the energy differentials within the atmosphere to create the vortex seen in Nature only as the eye and eyewall at the heart of a cyclone, undoubted the most powerful weather phenomena known to Man.

    The Pharos achieved this using a series of vortex generators and energy storages for the generated vacuum and for hot and cold water. To understand how all this was achieved it is necessary to understand some of the subtleties and characteristics of ring vortexes as described in 'How the Weather Works'.

    By sequentially combining the known characteristics of various vortexes with the known or reported detail of the Pharos it has been possible to reverse engineer the basic mechanisms of how it must have worked. Each clue has been assessed on the basis of its unique contribution and how it might possibly relate to the design imperative of the viaduct and the apparent implication made from this, that the Lighthouse MUST have produced fresh water. To top

    The Defining Features of the Pharos Lighthouse.

    There were a number of contemporary works around Alexandria of an equally massive scale. The massive double harbour (still one of the largest artificial harbours in the world) and the 50km Alexandria navigable canal can both be shown as entirely relevant parts of the same total project and, with one significant exception (that may yet be detected at the bottom of the harbour), all the essential elements are revealed in various ways in the evidence that remains. By reverse engineering from the known physical details of the lighthouse, a blueprint is provided of a technology that artificially enhanced and then used the exact same vortex mechanisms found in Nature in the largest of storms. To top

    1.Location.

    The lighthouse was built on the Mediterranean coast c300BC around 50km west of the Nile delta, on the island of Pharos in a shallow lagoon around 1km-2km from the newly established city of Alexandria. A lengthy navigable canal brought Nile water to the city but it would have been of relatively poor quality. The Pharos would have reprocessed it and made it completely clean and pure as well as making the heat storage system more efficient.

    By siting the city on a shallow lagoon and channelling in nominally fresh water from the Nile, the followers of Alexander were able to continue the development of a Utopian scheme. Although its full scope is yet to be fully appreciated it certainly challenges anything of an equivalent scale attempted in our modern era. To top

    2. Height.

    The total height of the lighthouse was defined as 300 cubits. With a cubit recognised as being at somewhere between 400mm-500mm this gives a the total height  of between 117m-150m. However, by today’s standards, even the minimal interpretation (117m) would still rate the structure as by far the tallest dedicated lighthouse in history and certainly the most elaborate.  

    Logically. It would thus seem entirely probable that its role as a lighthouse was merely a secondary or bonus feature that more easily and specifically caught the public eye and imagination. As easily equivalent to a modern 40 storey building, its extraordinary height is highly evidential in numerous ways, as discussed later. To top

    3. The Viaduct.

    The very existence of the viaduct made it the defining feature of the Lighthouse and of my research in relation to the building's  true purpose. Although modern science has commonly assumed the viaduct to have merely been a supply ramp for bringing fuel to the site, its placement, design and the scale of its construction all clearly indicated otherwise. The logic of building a viaduct 'for the use of donkeys and/or donkey carts' is also totally invalid on any number of grounds not least of which is the cost benefit.

    Aqueducts

    From around 6m above the Lighthouse plaza (~12m AMSL), the 16 massive arches of the viaduct led to a high embankment and on down at a modest gradient all the way to Alexandria. Nowadays, viaducts are sometimes built to carry trains or traffic but in ancient times a viaduct of this type was exclusively built to carry water. Ipso facto, since the viaduct clearly led down and away from the lighthouse, then logically the lighthouse must surely have produced fresh water.

    The puzzling question of “How could this be?” has been answered by the recovery a whole library of lost technologies all based on the phenomena of atmospheric vortexes and more specifically on one specific vortex, the Inverted (Horizontal) Ring Vortex (IRV). Available in either of two orientations, 'normal' and 'inverted' (ie NRVs and IRVs respectively), it is the more powerful and more complex IRV  is defined in the ruins at Alexandria. To top

    4. The Viaduct's location and detail

    Viaducts require very little gradient and the city of Alexandria was no more than 2km away and generally low-lying, so I soon began questioning why the viaduct was connected to the tower in such an odd manner. Forming a channel at least 2m wide, the viaduct joined the tower at least 5m above the plaza and the plaza itself was a similar height above sea level.  

    When the plaza itself was clearly high enough to supply the gradient needed to carry water to the city, there had to be a previously unrecognised design imperative ?

    Since it was clearly a deliberate and very costly design feature, the evidence of the viaduct became seminal in defining the technology behind its construction. Its somewhat anomalous features are critical indicators of both purpose and the design imperatives behind the construction. Ultimately, the full solution came in two parts. The first part lay, predictably, in the engineering imperatives of the primary technology. The second, more specifically, in the building’s secondary but immensely profitable role as a tourist Mecca. To top

    It is generally accepted that:

           (a) the tower was built in 3 distinct sections upon a walled plaza that itself stood around 5m-6m above the encircling sea.

           (b) the viaduct connected to the tower, agan at around 5m-6m above the plaza.

           (c) if the building produced water (as by now seemed self-evident), then (c300BC) it must have done so using some form of solar technology that also, logically, must in some way be evident in the tower’s design.

    As will be shown, it is inherent in the basic desalination technology involved, that water is produced within the structure in two quite separate ways. The majority is produced on the external surface of (pottery or metal) heat exchanger panels. These panels are cooled either by the cold water that is run through them and/or by simply sucking air into the sealed panels through a few tiny holes . In the second instance, it is the extreme and rapid drop in air pressure that provides the majority of the cooling but it also creates something of a dilema because the water has the potential to freeze up the workings and cause damage.  To top

    Whichever method is used, a significant source of vacuum is a near-essential operational ingredient that I will return to. The water condensing on the outside of these cold panels is no problem since it simply runs off and can easily be carried away by the viaduct. This water is essentially pure rain water and entirely potable and perfect for a city supply.

     could be drawn off easily  that are held at relatively low pressure by the tower’s internal mechanism. If this very cold water could be drawn off it would have very obvious commercial potential at what has long been acknowledged as a tourist Mecca

    Without an electric pump (obviously not available c300BC) the water produced inside the panels cannot be drawn off to take advantage of its obviously  high commercial tourist  unless a simple but quite specific provision is built into the building’s design. To counteract the low pressure inside the panels, the drain outlet for the water must be placed significantly lower than the rest of the system to prevent air being sucked back up into the heat exchangers and thus breaking the vacuum. Quite simply, that 'specific provision'  perfectly explains the vertical separation of the viaduct above the plaza floor.

    Even today, in a warm climate, chilled fresh, pure water has obvious and significant commercial potential. However, within the mechanism of a heat exchanger it is actually a physical liability as it may flood the system, making it inefficient or, even worse, freeze and cause irreparable mechanical damage. The small quantity of cold water could simply be dumped back into the sea or, alternatively, the system could in theory be shut down to allow it to be drained off as the pressures equalised. However, if the viaduct is raised a significant height above the plaza, a simple siphon mechanism makes it possible to extract the cold water at the plaza level without interrupting the operation in any way. Then, before it has a chance to warm, that pure, cold water can be sold at a very significant profit. To top

    In this final option the operators gain in three quite significant ways, producing a truly win-win-win situation.

                i) They obtain a small quantity of very valuable, very cold, pure water.

               ii) In suitably removing the fresh water, the water remaining in the system becomes increasingly saline. This heavy brine can be returned to the halocline pool making it more saline and thus more efficient as a storage medium, and

               iii) Any risk of freeze-ups within the mechanism is totally avoided. Design imperatives demand that the height of the separation between plaza and viaduct be sufficient to prevent air being sucked back up into the system and gives a strong indication of the working vacuum within the system. [Depending upon salinity, ~13.6 inches of water gauge = ~1millibar (1mb of mercury, ie barometric pressure).

    The absolute maximum practical height separation is shown twice in the Pharos at ~4m or 120 inches. This roughly translates into ~400mb of suction. In  practice the system would probably operate at around half of this figure, [ie 200mb].

    The design features of a solar-powered water extraction plant were based on the above assumptions and upon the application of vortex technology, as  defined elsewhere. To top

    5. Plaza (~5m AMSL)

    Surrounded by water, the walled Plaza platform was undoubtedly an essential and highly significant feature in the building’s structural design and purpose. If my analysis is correct the plaza was also essentially the roof of a massive water-filled energy reservoir held under a partial vacuum. Evidence to support this conclusion is found in the Qait Bey, the fort built in the ruins of the original tower. The fort is still partly surrounded by a massive fresh water cistern, apparently used as a reservoir for emergency use should the fort ever be put under siege. However, in the cisterns still remaining there is strong evidence that salt contamination would  have been a major problem. Although fresh water would undoubtedly have been stored as well,  it was not in the cisterns that have survived. It would seem clear therefore, these particular cisterns were originally used for something else, presumably as a part of the vacuum storage  system for this novel solar-powered technology as previously deduced.

    The construction of a canal and a new double harbour indicate that separate halocline pools were quite deliberately established in the new inner and outer harbours to store reserves of both hot and cold water, again as a form of energy storage. Halocline (saline) pools can  store water at 5oC-10oC above and/or 20oC-25oC below the ambient norm. It therefore seems entirely likely that in normal operation, reserves of hot and cold water would have been used separately as a form of stored energy differential. Warm water from  the shallow saline reservoir of the inner harbour was  drawn into the low-pressure plenum beneath the plaza. The high temperature and low pressure would significantly increase in surface evaporation and would be flushed in and out on a regular basis to maximise its value as a natural source of heat energy. To top

    Water from the second (colder) halocline pool in the outer harbour was drawn into a separate chamber. Extracted from the deeper water of the open sea, it was pumped to the top of the tower by a number of suction pumps operated in series on the stored vacuum. Sequentially, each pump would automatically raise the water between 2m-4m. Alternatively, and using less energy, a similar effect could be achieved by circulating some of this water through a secondary siphon system and a series of heat exchangers.

    The cold water was used in the main coolers to encourage condensation on the outer surfaces of heat exchanger panels, in much the same way as water forms on the outside of a cold bottle of beer or soda taken from the fridge.

    The precise detail of how the system operated is of no great importance as there are clearly many possibilities given differing initial circumstances. What is significant is that all would rely upon the availability of a significant source of vacuum. Tests suggest a 10% (100mb) reduction in surface pressure (to ~910mb) is easily attainable with a relatively small and simple vortex generator and significantly more would seem entirely achievable. Indeed, as already detailed there are two defined clearances

               (a) between the viaduct and the plaza (~4m-5m), and

               (b) between the internal plaza roof and the Mean Sea Level (MSL) below, also at ~4m-5m.

    Both possibilities suggest a pressure differential of at least 20%-30% (a 200mb-300mb) drop in atmospheric pressure to ~ 810mb. With normal commercial practice commonly running at somewhat below the maximum possible , this is entirely in line with projections from the tests carried out so far. To top

    Commercial Incentives

    It would seem clear the primary goal of this whole complex was to amplify ambient temperature and pressure differentials in order to condense off the water naturally held as vapour in the atmosphere.

    The noted features of the design can all be shown as serving to enhance these effects. With the exception of the area immediately surrounding the tower and walled plaza (that would be fed with cool, dry waste air from the heat exchangers), the operation of this technology would significantly raise the humidity around the lighthouse complex, to a radius of at least 300m. An air-conditioned plaza on a hot day at the heart of this region of humidity would have been a singularly unique attraction for wealthy patrons. To top

    6. Plaza Sealing and design imperatives

    The lighthouse was built in stone and massively constructed and in places the plaza and tower were both sealed with what is described as a lead mortar.

    The discovery of lead, especially as a mortar, is another clear indicator of the role and the design purpose of the building. It also proves  that lead was available for other plumbing roles. However, I suspect that the lead as a mortar was not an original design feature  but was poured in, in molten form into cracks in the structure that developed as a result of earthquakes. [As a construction medium, lead makes no sense, however as the repair medium for a massive vacuum chamber built of stone, it is totally brilliant.] To top

    Storing Vacuum, Cold and Heat

    Within my reconstruction, the plaza acted as a reservoir of water and air held at low pressure. A vortex generator high in the tower provided a vacuum to supply a series of heat exchangers in the accommodation rooms. The reservoirs and the heat exchangers were otherwise only open to the waters of halocline (saline) pools deliberately developed in the deeper sections of the inner and outer harbour.

    Separate halocline pools would be kept as a source of a temperature differential above and below the mean ambient conditions. One pool would be relatively warm, the other very cold.

    By drawing cold water from deeper out in the sea and applying a vacuum, the cold water storage in a halocline could at times be developed at anything down to 4oC . Most commonly, however, it would be perhaps 10oC-20oC below the ambient norm, possibly depending on the time of day. Warm water storage is limited by the water's salinity. With a heavy brine layer developed beneath fresh water, the storage can be kept at a maximum of around 10oC-15oC above the temperature of fresh water at the surface. At night the surface water would  be warmer than the surrounding air, conditions ideal for the release of vapour. The energy.stored in the deeper, salty water would 'upset' and maintain this vapour release for far longer than would otherwise occur but the inverted differntial would need to be re-established each day with the steady, non-tubulent release of fresh water across the surface of the harbour. To top

    7. Tower–1st Stage.(~90m-100m AMSL)

    lighthouseelev_mk_1208 Fig 3. The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

    Reconstruction by C.C McMullen of the Pharos Lighthouse as defined by the 'Design Imperative' of it being used to produce freshwater

    Encompassing well over half the tower’s total height, at around 100m, the square main tower section was the largest and most visually impressive part of this complex. According to numerous sources, the square tower had a (sealed?) hollow circular core surrounded by a spiral staircase and around 50 rooms or suites for visitor accommodation.

    The very recent discovery on the I/net ( Figs 1 & 2 ) show the external appearance and internal workings of the Lighthouse tower. I had long ago deduced the design imperative of tower's  core being a vortex generator, but the image (Fig 2) appears to take my analysis even further, apparently showing not just one but three vortex generators, stacked in series.

    Taken from the www.shipwrecksofegypt.com web site, a more detailed provenance of the image is apparently unavailable but what it shows is still nothing less than extraordinary, providing powerful confirmation of my earlier conclusions. To top

    The engineering imperatives of the structure as a water producing mechanism define the hollow core and base of the tower as the plenum of the vacuum system that caused air to be drawn down through the tower and out to. a ring of pyramids (or thermal towrs) surrounding the lighthouse at a radius of ~200m . [The initial 1st-stage vacuum was created by convection within the ring of thermal towers(see Fig 3.) ].

    Heat exchanger panels in every room of the accommodation section would have been fed with cold water by suction pumps powered from the vacuum system. In operation, the panels produced a constant supply of cool, fresh air and fresh water that no doubt, was readily available to wealthy guests using syphoning techniques in series from the floor above. To top

    8. Tower–2nd Stage. (~110m+ AMSL)

    On top of the square accommodation section, the Pharos Lighthouse is especially noted for the highly distinctive, octagonal middle section of the tower. The engineering imperatives plus a simple test clearly define this section as a Vortex Generator and/or Amplifier.

    A modern electric vacuum cleaner can easily provide an initial suction of 100” w/g (250mb) but in Alexandria (c300BC), the 1st-stage suction to drive the whole system can only have been produced by warm, vapour-filled air, rising by convection. Even enhanced within a ring of 1st-stage vortex generators, this initial Stage-1 suction would probably be limited to 5”-10” w/g, at most. However, when this initial, Stage 1 suction was applied to the main vortex generator the results were amplified significantly (~8:1) and were thus sufficient to drive an "Alternative" Technology in many ways simpler and more powerful than anything developed in our modern era. To top

    The basic, limiting factors of what Nature could provide have served to guide my research and, with the evidence on site, have made it possible to ultimately define the primary drive mechanism.

    My tests with a vortex generator of identical, octagon design have shown that, even without additional enhancements (some of which were clearly available, even c300BC), this type of vortex generator can amplify a basic (Stage 1) vacuum source by a factor as high as 8 or even 10:1. Thus, from an initial vacuum source of a relatively low 5 inches w/g, the small (200mm high) octagonal test rig on my model has generated over 42inches w/g (~100mb). In the Pharos, this octagonal section was closer to 15m high and the advantages of scale would most certainly have applied to some degree. The higher (Stage 2) vacuum would have been applied sequentially to lift cold, salty water in order to produce fresh water condensate on the special heat exchange panels. Any condensate forming within the vacuum systems would have been drawn off by a separate siphon system as previously discussed.

    A simple vortex generator was the primary mechanism needed to amplify the partial vacuum essential to the workings of the whole machine. A multi-facetted (ie octagonal) tower is about ideal in shape for this purpose, able to create a far stronger vacuum from a more modest source of suction. To top

    9. Tower–3rd Stage.(~115m AMSL)

    Descriptions vary somewhat but clearly this final, top section of the tower had a basically round cross-section. According to contemporary reports, it was also apparently capped with a pergola where the (nominal) lighthouse signal fire was produced.

    It is thought that as the pressure within the system reached its operational level, additional air was progressively allowed in through the top of this final, top section to allow the mechanism to access cooler, drier air from higher in the atmosphere. In the process, it created what was essentially an inverted tornado funnel. More significantly, cooling from this inverted linear vortex (ILV) helped anchor, trigger and sustain the primary IRV circulation in the air surrounding the tower.

    Once an Atmospheric Cyclone Effect (ACE) vortex was established around the tower, by its reaction with the surface of the sea, it developed the characteristic horizontal core of an inverted ring vortex (IRV). Unrestrained in any way, the vortex core would form with its axis centred in the air over the lagoon approximately level with the top of the lower tower (ie ~100m AMSL, see diagram). To top

    Once fully established, the ACE became self-sustained in precisely the same manner as occurs within the eye of a natural cyclone in similar circumstance. As a direct consequence, the atmospheric pressure in and around the tower would be significantly reduced. Controls within the tower would maintain some control of these effects but the encircling ACE vortex was now essentially limited in its expansion only by the close proximity of dry land and a ring of pyramids. [The one essential ingredient for vortex expansion is a stable source of vapour. Producing little to no vapour, the proximity of the dry land was a natural limiting force to the size of the ACE phenomena.]

    The physical design indicators given by the Pharos tower indicate a working pressure drop well in excess of 100mb and potentially as high (?low) as 200mb-400mb. This is far in excess of my initial goal in developing this technology, which was to approximately replicate the pressure drop demonstrated in a major (Category 5) storm that rarely exceeds 100mb (ie 910mb barometric pressure).[The record barometric reading in Nature, of 871mb, (a drop of ~140mb) was recorded in 1979 Pacific cyclone Tip).

    Whilst no immediate clues have yet been identified that prove the existence of the final pieces of the puzzle, (ie the source of the initial vacuum), the design imperatives and the author’s prior research nevertheless provide a ready answer. More on this shortly. To top

    10. Fifty rooms of Visitor Accommodation.

    The lighthouse was recorded as an instant social success and was arguably the first major tourist attraction in the world. Whilst 50 rooms or suites of accommodation might initially seem a lot, the claim is associated with the main tower, recorded as possibly 100m tall (ie Which, in modern terms equates to ~40 storey’s ).

    How much of the tower was used for accommodation and how much for producing water? It seems logical to assume the two roles were integrated but if so, how did visitors get to the 40th floor? And did the building provide lifts? At least one source suggests a ‘dumb-waiter’ type arrangement for lifting the fuel for the lighthouse beacon but does this suggestion just hint at another and possibly far more realistic possibility, given the details of my reconstruction so far? To top

    11. The Towers and Elevators.

    A hollow core is a near-essential feature in meeting the engineering imperatives of my reconstruction and just such a feature is mentioned in two of the primary documents referenced (iii&iv). Apparently the existence of a hollow core was established in part from claims it was thought fuel was hauled to the top of the tower in a dumb waiter (lift arrangement), rather than by stairs. However, this observation also provides the obvious potential in reverse, for air to be drawn down through the hollow core.

    In a counter-argument to sceptics, historically this feature is also significant in that if the tower did indeed have such a lift arrangement, what need would there have been for an extraordinary and expensive ramp? Logically, by this argument, with a slightly longer rope or multiple lifts, the fuel could have been lifted from ground level with no need for a ramp at all. To top

    Within our present technology, logic would seem to suggests that only a steel cable could operate over such an enormous height without breaking under its own weight but in fact, under a vortex-based economy there are other possibilities.

              a) The shaft could have been split into a series of lifts or, and far more likely

              b) The basic, vortex technology, now indicated, could have been applied here as well.

    The Pharos could have used a vacuum system in much the same way many major stores transfer their money in pods from cash desks to accounts departments. ie within vacuum tubes. Again, more later. To top

    12. Estuarine Heat Traps.

    In river estuaries with a steady but minimal flow of fresh water and a shallow entrance bar, a heavy layer of brine can become trapped beneath an upper layer of (fresher) river water. A relatively well researched phenomena, they can include elements of both a thermocline and halocline .

    The establishment and maintenance of this phenomenon depends upon differentials in salinity and temperature that can be varied quite naturally or by design. As a primary heat exchange medium, a halocline layer has potential to act as a reservoir of either cold water or water somewhat warmer that the layer above, depending upon salinity. Whilst haloclines getting colder with depth are the norm, if mixing is sufficiently controlled, a heavily saline halocline can trap water in the depths far warmer (ie ~5oC-7oC) than the fresher water at the surface and possibly more. To top

    The artificial harbour created at Alexandria is approximately 2km x 1km and is still one of the largest artificial harbours ever constructed. It is/was fed by the canal from the Nile that (originally) fed an outlet adjacent to the junction between the old and new harbours, making it entirely possible to control the feed either way.

    The new harbour, comprising an Inner and Outer section, has two wide and relatively shallow entrances onto the eastern Mediterranean, making it potentially ideal as a halocline thermal reservoir. Whilst it was clearly deliberately engineered as a part of the total project, just how it was used remains to be tested. There are good arguments both ways for using a halocline pool in this situation for the storing of both cold water and/or warm water, although obviously in separate sections. To top

    Since vortex technology benefits enormously by the suitable availability of moderate extremes of both hot and cold it would explain entirely why the harbour at Alexandria was so specifically divided into a separate sections, both separated from the old harbour to the west by the causeway and viaduct. In this situation and with suitable techniques it would seem entirely possible to create separate storage reservoirs of both hot and cold water.

    Passed over a warm, shallow water and/or a wetted surface, heated air would be released as a humid ring of vapour from an unbroken circle of pyramids or similar structures set in the sea at a radius of around 200m from the central tower. Producing an unbroken ring of warm thermals, they would provide the major convective heat source to sustain IRV circulation and thus act as the primary energy trigger for starting the ACE mechanism.

    In contrast, cold water is an ideal agent for chilling heat exchangers to induce condensation. Acting within the core of the tower, the cooling effect could be used to sustain an inverted ring vortex, centred on the tower. To top

    13. Anomalous Funnels of 'Smoke'.

    pharoslighthouse  

    Fig 3. The Pharos Lighthouse and the anomalous whirling 'smoke trails'

    Contemporary images of the Pharos Lighthouse in various forms are relatively common and although not hard evidence they present yet another small anomaly that would seem to beg an alternative explanation.

    The images in question commonly show what appear to be one or more swirling columns of smoke emanating from the top of the tower or (in this example) from numerous chimneys on the upper level balconies. Whilst smoke at night from a single signal fire at the top would not be unreasonable, the smoke would not in any case be seen in the dark. And conversely, a number of signal fires during the day from the tallest (and only) lighthouse on the planet (c300BC) would seem at best as more than somewhat superfluous. To top

    It my analysis is correct it would seem possible the presence of these oddly swirling ‘smoke’ trails drew attention because the viewer recognised something distinctly odd about them and tried, as people do, to express the mystery in graphic form. It would seem entirely possible that instead of smoke these spirals were instead the vapour funnels of inverted tornado funnels created as air was drawn down into the upper sections of the tower. To top

    Although not strictly proof, the extraordinary and anomalous nature of these images could be seen as further evidence of the use of the ACE mechanism, the most powerful atmospheric vortex phenomena known. If so, and more importantly, then these images might also give us some clues about how the mechanism was operated and controlled. Some sources show just one plume and others (as here) show a number and the plumes appear to rotate in different directions. This may be coincidence and it may in part relate to the damage created by earthquakes that progressively reduced the structure to ruins in the 14th century.

    It is on record that after the first earthquakes the building continued to operate in a reduced capacity for many (possibly 300) years, so it’s entirely possible earthquake damage resulted in changes to the way the mechanism was operated and that this is reflected in later images. Whilst it’s something that may well be resolved with further experiments, it remains to be seen which is true since the images cannot be firmly dated. To top

    14.The Plaza Colonnade.

    It is generally agreed the plaza was totally surrounded by a totally walled and relatively narrow roofed colonnade. As a promenade for visitors it would  appear to raise some anomalies for if the plaza was built purely for the benefit of visitors surely the failure to include landscape views of the surronding harbour would seem an almost inexplicable omission. The feature is not likely to draw comment except in the light of the engineering imperatives of the building's newly rediscovered structural objectives.

    However, if as I claim, the building was built as a desalination plant then, as far as was possible, every feature would have been built with the main objective very much in mind's eye of the engineers.  In a system designed to maximise ACE vortex rotation,  reverse engineering reveals the true purpose of the colonnade. To top

    If the Pharos building was in essence the start mechanism for IRV rotation around the tower, as I claim, then the top of the colonnade would have been the transition point between the cold (contraction) and the hot (expansion) sides of the energy cycle. In this scenario, a perimeter channel of cold (salty) water along the top of this wall could been seen as a control mechanism.

    Cold water flushed down the outside of the wall in the morning would dampen convection from the wall when it was first warmed by the sun, reducing any tendency for rising air to set up NRV rotation around the tower, (ie in opposition to the building's design purpose). However, once IRV rotation was established out over the sea then a reduced flow of salty water would serve in an entirely different role, as a significant contributor to the total energy of the whole system.

    Salty water flowing down the walls and out over the surrounding rocks would absorb heat. With only a moderate flow, the heated stones would cause significant evaporation and the remaining very warm  and very salty water would sink to the bottom of the harbour when it ran into the surrounding sea. Highly enhanced salinity was an essential requirement for setting up a warm water halocline. To top

    When the sun went down in the evening,  the ACE would be sustained long into the night by the energy returned to the surface by this warm water halocline. As it became less thermally stable, the halocline would upset and return the heated water to the surface, to release vapour to the outflowing winds of the vortex.

    With an initial head of water, a hydraulic ram pump was probably then be used to automatically raise a lesser quantity of cold water to the top of the tower. There is evidence to show that both hydraulic rams and waterwheels were availbale from this approximate era.

    To top

    Tuesday, 02 August 2011 01:29

    The Revelation

    Written by Colin McMullen
     

    Possibly the most significant discovery of the modern era.

    Rewriting History.

    From a very early age I realised that the commonly accepted version of our past history simply didn't match the solid physical evidence on the ground. I refused to accept that ancient cultures around the world had quite regularly moved 600- 800 tonne blocks of stone for significant distances and built massive structures like the pyramids simply with ropes and manpower. Even if it were physically possible by those methods, the pyramids for example, would have taken centuries to build which simply made no sense. The further I looked, the more numerous and the more impossible the accepted version of history became. Without a far more advanced technology than was generally accepted, none of it made any sense at all. 

    With some minor success in predicting the use (and now re-emergent technology) of geopolymers, over the past 50 years the author has now finally recovered in large part what are probably the most significant of those lost technologies, the ones behind the construction and operation of the 50,000 known pyramids. The pyramids being by far the most significant examples, I'll not dwell on numerous other possible examples

    The top two images on the left are the Great Pyramid and the Pharos Lighthouse in Egypt, the third is the engraved lid of a sarcophagus and it comes from the 'Pyramid of  Inscriptions' in Mexico. Between them, the three images provided the keys to three powerful applications all driven by a form of solar technology totally unrecognised in our modern world. The technology employs those fascinating and apparently inocuous phenomena commonly known as smoke rings that have held people and even dolphins enthralled since time began. Ring vortexes come in two orientations and both the 'normal' and the 'inverted' forms hold amazing powers and indeed are almost totally responsible for driving all the major events of our weather, including cyclones.

    As I can now fully demonstrate, these 'Horizontal ring vortexes' or 'Helmholtz rings', as they are more correctly known, were used by ancient civilisations for millennia to trigger rainstorms, to limit the power and frequency of tornadoes, to produce fresh water from the sea and to fly in aircraft that were able to lift those 800 tonne blocks of stone, mentioned previously.

    Redeveloped with the added advantages of our modern era, this recovered technology will once again allow anyone, anywhere, at any time of day and for any purpose, to tap into the free energy presently locked up in our atmosphere and oceans. By reproducing the basic phenomena that in Nature drive every type of storm, it will be entirely possible to provide unlimited fresh water and clean energy from the sea and reclaim the driest of deserts. 

    The west coast of South America has been dominated for 100,000 years by the frigid Humboldt current and is naturally one of the most arid regions on our planet and yet, in the shadow of a number of massive pyramids around 2000-5000 years ago, very large agrarian populations once thrived. In view of the fact that the long-established current is the dominant feature in the regional climate, the common assumption that natural climate variations are responsible doesn't hold up very well and the question might reasonably be asked, "Were the pyramids somehow involved in these apparently anomalous climate changes?" I say "Yes" and I think I can now prove it, along with other extraordinary aspects of this re-emerging technology.

     

    By ignoring the common assumptions about our past and basing my research purely upon re-interpeting physical evidence and solid data, the author finally hit paydirt with the discovery (on the I/net at www.shipwrecksofegypt.com) of an engineering schematic of the workings of the fabled Lighthouse at Alexandria, long acknowledged as the Seventh (and last) Wonder of the Ancient World.

    Because of my earlier research into the workings and technology of the pyramids and more recently, of the Pharos, I instantly recognised that this new evidence provided the proof I had sought for so long. I had already developed a model of the Pharos from available images that included all its principal known features and this final discovery proved I was on the right track.  Indeed, the newly recovered schematic demonstrated even greater advances that have now enabled me to produce both heating and significant cooling in an appropriate form to be used in harnessing the vortex of the eye of a cyclone, by far the most powerful and stable of all the known atmospheric phenomena.

    In various forms and applications, Ring Vortex Technology (RVT) promises to revolutionise our world, allowing us to harness energy directly from the sea and breaking forever our deadly dependence on fossil fuels. The evidence provided by the Pharos has provided a level of proof that can now be easily demonstrated to provide a clear insight into how the less dramatic forms of the technology can be employed to influence and ultimately control the climate as they did in the distant past. To top

    Basic Physics.

    According to Boyle's Law, as free-flowing air is heated within the atmosphere, it's volume expands by a small amount. (ie ~1/270th/ per degree centigrade.) Thus, an increase in air temperature of 27oC will cause the volume of the air to increase by10%. This modest expansion is enough to make the air lighter and then rise by convection.

    However, when water expands to vapour, it expands by a factor of 1700. Whilst water and water vapour make up only a small percentage of air they are by far the most significant mechanism in driving what we call our weather.

    The main ingredient in driving the increasing wind speed and the intensity of any storm is condensation which can occur with an  almost instantaneously drop in atmospheric pressure should a vortex be initiated.  To top

    In a desert,  the dry air will heat rapidly in the morning and the volume of the air may increase by 20% over the period of an hour as the tempersture goes from 0oC-50oC.  And at night, as it cools, the process is reversed. However, the presence of water vapour changes the whole process, slowing the heating proces and generally keeping temperatures more even. However, with high temperaturs and a high moisture content, the situation can change dramatically.

    More vapour increases the air's volume and makes it lighter. As the air rises the air will cool and relative humidity increases, making the air increasingly unstable until, at 100% humididty, even the smallest disturbance can potentially trigger the so-called 'Butterfly Effect', the vortex phenomenon that can trigger a storm. 

    When the air is super-saturated, the smallest vortex will trigger a  'positive feedback mechanism' that can turn all the available vapour into condensate or liquid water. This collapse can flow through the whole air mass within seconds turning vapour into condensate. On a hot and humid afternoon the air's volume could potentially reduce by 40% within minutes once the trigger is effected.  To top

    100% Relative Humidity

    As the temperature of the air drops, relative humidity rises until the dew point is reached. At that point, the volumetric collapse of vapour to liquid condensate will potentially cause an inflow that may ultimately trigger a storm. The storm may be an isolated event but it can also develop along a frontal system as a Cool Change

    As a Cool Change becomes established, relative humidity rises and as more vapour condenses, a positive feedback cycle becomes established that will continue until all the available moisture is drawn in and condensed. In just minutes, in coastal cities like Sydney and Melbourne, a cool change will typically whip up high winds and cause air temperatures to plummet by as much as 20oC in a matter of minutes. The heavy rain that commonly accompanying these events can cause significant local flooding.  To top

    Adiabatic Heating and Lapse Rates in Cyclones

    As air rises it expands and the adiabatic process of pressure reduction with height allows the air to cool. As it descends, air pressure increases and the process acts in reverse. These effects vary very significantly depending on the vapour content of the air.  The Lapse Rate of Dry Air (DALR) is a constant 9.8oC/1000m (ie for all intents and purposes,10oC/km) and applies mainly to air in or drawn down from the Stratosphere. In stark contrast, the Wet Air Lapse Rate (WALR) of 6.5oC/km* applies to most of the air in the temperate regions within the lower atmosphere or Troposphere. the region mostly affected by weather. [*The WALR.is technically a variable but in reality and for various reasons varies very little across a wide humidity range]

     Any event that causes dry air to be drawn down from the Stratosphere will heat at the DALR (ie 10oC/1000m) which is far higher than the WALR  normally associated with the air of the tropopause though which it will pass.  Should  the eye of a cyclone cause an incursion of dry air from the Stratosphere into the lower regions of the atmosphere it will potentially have a quite dramatic effect, adding vast amounts of heat to the wet air through which it passes. Indeed, the author believes this is precisely how a cyclone gains much of its power.

    Air drawn down from just below the Tropopause (at say 10,000m) will heat as it descends at the WALR ( 6.5oC/km) by 65oC. However,  dry air from the Stratosphere just above will heat 50% faster (ie by 100oC), . Although mixing and radiation could be expected to mitigate the extremes, the heat gained adiabatically within the heart of an IRV nevertheless becomes a major potential contributor to cyclonic weather systems. Potentially adding gigawatts to the energy potential of this unique type of storm, cyclones are clearly a major player in reducing global warming. To top

    The Tropopause, Above and Below

    At the Tropopause  the temperature remains a constant -56oC. In both directions, both above and below this imaginary demarcation line, the temperature gradually increases. Below the Tropopause, in the lower atmosphere (ie the Troposphere), the atmosphere is dynamic. And, until the recent discovery of Hot Towers, the atmosphere above the Tropopause was always considered essentially inactive or static. To top

    Hot Towers

    Whilst the water to ice phase-change also involves a significant energy exchange and the possible release of electrical discharges, it involves only a negligibly small change in volume. However, ice particles can  trigger massive condensation and they thus play a significant role in the development of major storms. Dumps of icy cold air from so-called 'Hot Towers'  (see sidebar 4) are of particular relevance in cyclone genesis. To top

    Microbursts

    Commercial aircraft have been brought down on a number of occasions by the occurrence of a microburst from a major storm cell. Strong and impressively powerful downdrafts of cold air from the base of a thunderstorm can rob an aircraft of lift. The danger is especially critical as it comes in to land. It is thought that microbursts occurring over the sea, possibly as a result of a Hot Tower, are strongly linked to cyclone genesis.

    Two Mechanisms for Cyclone Genesis

    The eye of a cyclone is an inverted ring vortex (ie an externally-driven IRV). The IRV requires a very specific trigger mechanism to get started and is normally only seen in a cyclone's eye within an encirdling ring of conventional storms.

    1. The recently identified 'Hot Towers', seen (by satellite thermal imaging cameras) just prior to cyclone formation  would seem to provide the most likely mechanism for cyclone genesis. As the Hot Tower looses its upward momentum and collapses back below the Troposphere, the (now frozen) vapour particles and hail may gain sufficient momentum to trigger a microburst and the formation of an inverted ring vortex (IRV).

    2..An alternative mechanism could possibly be provided by the known process of vortex decay that occurs when a conventional NRV is tilted for more than a few seconds. Such tilting would almost certainly occur if  an NRV should collide with the tilted base of a  Tropical Depression and could equally well result in ice and frigid air being  dumped into the sea.

    It would seem entirely possible that either or both mechanisms in unison could contribute to cyclone genesis. To top

    How Sublimation contributes to a Paradox

    In the overall global circulation of the atmosphere (and in arctic storms) the sublimation of ice directly to vapour is a major factor but can largely be ignored in the context of the basic research. However, it may be of consideratble significance in the longer term if global warming melts the (north) polar ice sheet.

    Air flowing northward from the south pole is affected by gravity to flow down from the high antarctic plateau. Air flowing south from the North pole is floating on the sea and is thus not flowing downhill and circulation toward the equator occurs less strongly, simply to replace the warm air lifting in storms at low latitudes. The circulation in the two hemispheres is thus clearly quite different.

    In so-called 'normal' conditions the cold, dry air at the arctic will still pick up some moisture from the ice and over time this will generate storms, as occur in the Antarctic. However, the situation can be expected to change significantly if global warming melts the polar ice at the North Pole each summer.

    With open water, the volume of vapour released is 20x greater than when the sea is frozen and will inevitably generate far more snow than is considered the norm. Ergo, Global warming in the Northern Hemisphere creates more open water in summer and (apparently paradoxically), open water in the summer could potentially create a Northern Hemisphere Ice Age. By the obvious and quite simple mechanism, blizzards in the Fall generate vastly more snow than would have occurred had the sea been frozen over all year.

    That an Ice Age could be a result of Global Warming may seem paradoxical but is easily understood within what is already known about the circulation globally within each hemisphere.

    The various weather events of storm, cyclone, tornado and waterspout are all triggered by quite different basic phenomena and I saw learning how to make each one as basic to developing the methods to control, harness and utilise the power they each are able to develop. In the event, it involved two quite different basic techniques and a range of possible approaches, depending upon the specific application.

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    Monday, 25 July 2011 17:48

    A Global Threat

    Written by Colin McMullen

     

    A Potential Global Danger Uncovered

    The realisation of how IRVs and cyclones work and grow in their power raises the grim possibility that a cyclone-type storm could come to dominate the weather on a global basis, especially in the northern hemisphere. Indeed the major winter storms experienced across Europe and North America in recent years strongly suggest this is already starting to happen and will rapidly get worse as the Arctic Ice recedes ever further every summer.

    There would seem every indication the whole of the Northern Hemisphere is already in the process of plunging into an Ice Age as a direct result of so-called Global Warming. Unless the correct action is taken and taken soon an Ice Age might be triggered by the inevitable coming together of the pre-existing global circulation described earlier with the basic mechanisms of the IRV within a cyclone.  All it requires is open seas around the pole in summer time. To top

    Assumptions and Preconceptions.

    It has long been assumed the last Ice Age affected all the land and sea north of the ice sheets most southerly boundary but this is not necessarily so. Indeed, the mechanism now emerging to threaten us rather suggests otherwise. Though no proof has been found, the evidence of recent events suggests the last Ice Age may well have been caused by exactly the scenario now unfolding, of Arctic seas getting steadily warmer over the past 3 decades. To top

    It now seems evident that an increase in summer melt across the polar ice sheet will be the perfect trigger for the establishment of a Polar Depression that could take centuries or even millennia to finally break up, if it ever did. Of course, beyond a century or so, it will be of purely academic interest because our civilisation will have long ago died out or left for warmer climes. To top

    Should the mechanism as applies within a cyclone become established across the north pole when the ice sheets retreat in summer there is a strong possibility it will become almost as well established as Jupiter’s Red Spot, a storm that has rolled on for centuries. Once started it is entirely possible the IRV vortex phenomena could last until the Gulf stream stopped  and who knows what would happen then?

    Disturbing Possibilities.

    The accuracy of this prediction is somewhat dependent on how much energy can be drawn from the Arctic Ocean, on whether the Gulf Stream itself would survive and on estimates of how intense the polar vortex mechanism could become and/or how stable it would be. To top

    The normal global atmospheric circulation and the increasing ice free region around the pole each summer would tend to keep the whole vortex mechanism centred on the pole, which would seem to suggest that, once fully established, a so-called ‘Perfect Storm’ centred on the pole is a very real possibility. The extraordinary range of possibilities is beyond the capabilities of even the largest computers to predict with any certainty. However, there is one thing of which we can be absolutely sure. There are many more bad possibilities than good ones and any suggestion that we can keep pushing the limits without the direst of consequences for large sections of the world population are horrendously and grossly optimistic.

    It could hardly be seen as surprising that tales of gloom and doom are becoming widespread given the incredible thinning of the arctic icesheet since the US nuclear sub Nautilus first  took measurements in 1958. Since that time the polar ice has, on average, decreased in volume by >30% and, despite the claims of the global warming sceptics, the long tern trend appears to be accelerating.

    Make no changes and the prospects for the future survival of our civilisation look distinctly grim. However, the alarm has now been raised and the chances are actually quite promising that realistic solutions will be put in place. If only its potential is recognised, the technology revealed on this site could make all the difference. To top

    A Glimmer of Hope.

    If my research proves anything at all, it is that controlling the weather and thus the climate may not be such a forlorn hope as the vast majority of the populous would seem to assume. Indeed, the evidence from ancient sites  suggests the weather was once controlled to some significant degree in our distant past before the knowledge was finally lost in the Middle Ages.

    Why the technology was lost is essentially of no importance and the reasons clearly varied from place to place. What is significant is that ancient nations right around the world with no significant  technology as we know it, were able to cultivate arid regions sufficiently well to feed large populations using those lost technique. 

    It would now seem that the technique of  reverse engineering has once again placed this ancient technology within our grasp. Furthermore, it can be shown as being well within the industrial capacity of even the poorest of nations.  To impliment the necessary changes swiftly, all it requires is for the know-how to once again be fully developed and for it to then be made available in every region, according to the abilities, assets and capabilities of the local farmers. With the right knowledge, there's not a farmer in the world who would not seek to take control of his future by improving his land and raising its production.

    Working together, with the right techniques, farmers could quickly change the driest of landscapes and/or mitigate the deadliest of land-based storms. A more pro-active approach will be needed to mitigate major cyclones but that would also appear a possibility. It only requires that nations too, start  working together which would surely occur once the efficacy of the technology was proven.

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    Tuesday, 21 June 2011 17:03

    Vortexes as Energy Amplifiers

    Written by Colin McMullen
    weather theory

    Roll Cloudhurricane_katrina
    1.Roll cloud

    Hook Echo on Radar
    2.Hook Echo forming

    hottower
    3. Hot Tower above
    a Tropical Depression


    4.Mature Thunderstorm

    ACE_Circulation
    5.The ACE Circulation
    of a cyclone
    /a>

    NRV_Circulation
    6. The NRV Circulation
    of a thunderstorm

    hurricane_katrina
    7.Hurricane Katrina


    "Tthe sun supplies more energy to Earth in an hour, than all the power stations combined produce in a year."

    Linear Vortexes

    As an energy phenomenon, the tornado needs no introduction. However, unless constantly supplied with energy from a ring vortex, the linear vortex of the tornado funnel will use up its energy within minutes at most and will then disperse. The linear vortex is responsible for most (smaller) tornados, squalls, micro-bursts and chaotic wind shear and does incredible damage.  Preventing them entirely or at least reducing their power would seem a worthwhile achievement but certainly requires that we understand the phenomena somewhat better than we do at present. To top

    Most frequently forming horizontally at a frontal conjunction, a linear vortex can be constrained as a roll cloud if it forms in close association with the ground. Vortexes of this type, known as roll clouds can form when a cool air mass crosses a far warmer sea. The warm sea provides an energy-dense source of vapour but also acts as a constraining ‘ground barrier’. To top

    Commonly identified in Australia in the late afternoon as Perth’s ‘Freemantle doctor’, Melbourne’s ‘Cool change’ and Sydney’s ‘Southerly Buster’, they may also occur shortly after dawn. The most dramatically beautiful and supreme example occurs shortly after dawn at certain times of year in the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory of Australia when conditions are otherwise calm.. This unique phenomena, known as the  'Morning Glory'  sometimes stretches east to west across the sea for 1000km

    However, a controlled linear vortex like the Morning Glory is definitely the exception. When Linear vortexes occur within a frontal conjunction between two differing air masses, the collision generates a horizontal linear vortex that is initiated far above the ground.  To top

    Unconstrained by the close proximity of a suitable horizontal surface, the vortex will rapidly become extremely unstable and will wobble, tilt and break up into shorter sections. Predictably, within each section the cooler end will sink toward the ground as the unit as a whole seeks a more stable, vertical alignment. The event is commonly recorded on local radar as the characteristic ‘hook echo’ of a ‘string’ or ‘series’ tornado. This event, characteristic of a powerful frontal conjunction is most commonly seen in the central states of the USA.

    There seems little chance these linear vortexes can usefully be contained but it may shortly be possible to limit their general frequency and/or strength. To top

    Horizontal Ring Vortexes

    Unlike linear vortexes, the HRV, in either of its two defined orientations, (ie the normal NRV and the inverted IRV), offers a number of possibilities for controlling the weather in all its forms as well as the means to extract unlimited usable energy from the air for all possible purposes, plus copious quantities of fresh water and an entirely new type of aircraft, that also promises almost unlimited potential. When the promises are realised, HRVs will provide the miracle technologies of our future. To top

    Exactly like the ring vortexes blown by smokers to amuse a child, the horizontal vortex ring  (HRV) is an extremely stable phenomenon and remains so whether the vortex is blown vertically up or vertically down. Although both of these phenomena can grow to any size, the type of storm they create and their application is dramatically different and highly significant to this research. To top

    NB It should be noted however, that should the axis of a ring vortex be tilted in any way for more than a few seconds, it will rapidly break down, often with extreme violence, into two counter-rotating linear vortexes. To top

    General Characteristics of HRVs

    Once formed, the behaviour of the horizontal ring vortex (HRV) can be dramatically altered if it is formed or positioned close to an associated ground plane. A simple experiment with smoke rings can demonstrate this attachment process and the fact the ring-to-groundplane combination is then potentially stable until tilted.

    The attachment of the vortex ring to a flat surface occurs due to the speed of the air flowing between the vortex core and the surface. This attachment to a ground plane will occur irrespective of whether the air is flowing inwards or outwards from the centre. However, the attachment is stronger and more stable when the air is flowing outwards from the vortex centre. This in part may explain why a cyclone is so powerful and so stable and why conventional thunderstorms initially break free from the ground and climb high into the sky. To top

    A Combination of Forces

    When a vortex bubble is formed by the convection of vapour-laden air, it forms an INTERNALLY-driven normal ring vortex, an NRV. This NRV initially has high natural buoyancy but what happens next is determined by 5 main factors.

    1.The air’s vapour content and thus its initial buoyancy.

    2.The internal speed of vortex rotation.

    3.The frictional contact of the vortex with the surrounding air.

    4.The mass of the vortex as a unit as its relative humidity rises and, ultimately

    5.By low pressure beneath the vortex created by its proximity to the ground and the speed of the inflowing wind. To top

    Having formed, a buoyant vortex will rapidly bridge the gap between the ground and the Cloud Base Layer or Dew Point. In a simple storm, condensation at the cloud base creates an area of low pressure that increasingly raises the wind speed of vapour being drawn into the base of the storm. As it grows its increasing mass will ultimately allow the combined effects to suck the whole unit down to the ground, cutting off the vapour and quenching it and so stopping the storm from growing further and initiating its collapse..

    In extreme circumstances  when the storm initially forms relatively high above the ground, the buoyancy of the air mass will delay this final collapse until long after the inflow has formed into the deadliest storm type of all, the supercell tornado. The supercell can be identified by its extreme size and a massive and generally ragged funnel cloud at its base. To top

    The occurrence of the vapour build-up that leads to series and supercell tornados could conceivably by avoided by pro-actively triggering the formation of numerous smaller conventional storm cells over the whole area.

    It is seen as something more than coincidence that an area of Louisiana ~400km in diameter on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico was once home to 20,000 small pyramids that just conceivably could have served this precise role. A similar area in Illinois, just north of the critical so-called Dry Line, was also once home to a similar deployment of 20,000 small pyramids. To top

    It was originally assumed by archaeologists that these small 6m-10m pyramids were Indian burial mounds but serious doubt can now be cast on this assumption. Farmers illegally destroyed 95% of the mounds in search of potentially valuable burial goods. And although no one is likely to own up to it, the lack of burial goods in circulation rather suggests their efforts were largely fruitless. Indeed it would now seem these mounds should join the 99% of all other pyramids that archaeologists readily accept were never built as tombs. But what was their primary role if it was not for burials? To top

    In a region where tornados are common and increasing in their strength and frequency, 39,000 small but ancient pyramids have been wilfully destroyed in recent decades, apparently for no good purpose. Is it too much to believe that the builders so long ago had some knowledge, since lost, about how to prevent tornados and that the destruction of these apparently innocent structures has just revealed precisely why they were built in the first place? The vortex mechanisms I have been working on suggest it might be so.  To top

    The Mechanisms of the Ring Vortex

    An Important Series of Thought Experiments

    1. Imagine a wheel going along a road. When the axis is travelling at say 2kmh, the speed of the wheel’s at its point of contact with the road is zero and the top of the wheel is travelling forward at 4kmh. Now in your mind's eye turn the unit 90o. With wheel now running up or down the wall, it should now be possible to visualise the situation within a ring vortex. It is important to note that the speed in the centre of the vortex is travelling at twice the speed of the unit as a whole and that, relative to the stationary ambient air, the speed of the outside of the vortex ring is at or close to zero. To top

    Contact with the surrounding air provides the friction that allows the unit to drive either up or down the wall and this force can be added or subtracted from the unit’s total buoyancy.

    2. The presence of a physical ‘ground plane barrier’ in very close proximity to the vortex ring will also act as a strong attractive force. Once established, regardless of the direction of the vortex’s internal rotation, this attractive force will always act to draw the vortex ring towards the so-called ‘ground plane’.  In Nature, this force can easily exceed 1tonne/m2 and is only limited by the size and intensity of the vortex ring producing the effect.  NB It is worthy of note that the IRV that forms a cyclone’s eye can easily be 50-100 kilometres in diameter. To top

    3. The one fact totally essential to the integrity of the vortex ring is that the ‘ground plane barrier’ must always be perfectly horizontal. Within seconds, even the slightest tilt that allows gravity to separate the hot air out from the cold within the vortex ring will see the ring break up, potentially with extreme violence. (As discussed later, the proviso about gravity is highly significant when it comes to usefully harnessing this energy)

    4. With a little consideration it is clear that, provided it is perfectly horizontal, this ‘ground plane barrier’ could also be above the vortex ring and it could also be made of any surface or barrier material that in any way acts to control the overall motion of the vortex ring. It would certainly include water below the vortex ring and may also, I suggest, include a strong temperature inversion above the ring, as would occur when the vortex reached the Tropopause. To top

    5.  As it climbs into the air, the jet being ejected upwards from the core of the vortex ring (see 6 above) is expelled at twice the speed of the unit as a whole. The core ejecta is nominally the fastest-moving air within the vortex unit and wind speeds within major storms have been clocked in excess of 250kmh. What can be produced by an artificial mechanism remains to proven.

    Should the vortex ring somehow be stopped from rising or seriously slowed down, as occurs at the known inversion of the Tropopause layer, the rotational momentum will undoubtedly keep going and may thus generate a number of possible outcomes. To top

    The Mechanisms of the Cyclone

    The Tropopause is the ultimate force blocking the upward motion of a NRV within a Tropical Depression. The Tropopause is an inversion layer between the Troposphere and Stratosphere. Being, as its name suggests, a depression, the tropopause marking this divide is likely to be dished down at an angle to the horizontal and, as previously discussed, an angled ground plane barrier of any type is likely to be bad news for the integrity of a ring vortex. To top

    It can (and has) been demonstrated that if the upward (or downward) momentum of a toroid is halted but not specifically tilted, it will cause a strong downdraft from all around the outside of the vortex ring as the ring tries to push up (or downwards) through the blocking layer. In the atmosphere, the rotational energy will also still continue generating a warm vertical jet of moist air from the vortex core that has the potential to penetrate upwards through the tropopause layer at significant speed. To top

    Although this is pure conjecture, we know that any tilting of a vortex ring will cause it to rapidly break up into two counter-rotating vortexes. A collision with the sloping angle of a Tropical Depression would likely send cold air inwards and down and warm air outwards and up. Either and/or both of these events could be the trigger for cyclone genesis. To top

    Cyclone Genesis

    Although these blocking effects will disperse the energy of rotation quite rapidly, the upward jet may well generate a so-called Hot Tower (see fig 3 in side bar) that extends far above the Tropopause and potentially kilometres up into the Stratosphere above. Stripped of its accompanying ring vortex, this vertical jet will rapidly cool, freeze, and then drop back down through the Tropopause at significant speed. In doing so, it will create a powerful downdraught with sufficient momentum to ultimately hit the ground or the sea and splay outwards as a microburst to create an inverted ring vortex, an IRV.

    Notably, although retaining much of its momentum this descending air will heat adiabatically and by the time it reaches the ground, will have warmed very significantly. As it then blasts outwards in a ring, the now-warm but still largely dry air will generate the release of an expanding ring of vapour from the surface of the sea. To top

    A vapour ring created in this manner will generate convection to occur EXTERNAL to the vortex being created and so possibly become the externally-driven inverted ring vortex (IRV) of a cyclone’s eye. Once initiated, the outward flow and unusual (inverted) vortex rotation is pressed strongly to the ground by the frictional effects it generates with the surrounding air (as in 5 above). The centre of the vortex ring is fed by adiabatic heating and by increased evaporation from the sea due to the significantly lowered atmospheric pressure within the vortex ring.

    Evidence that this is the mechanism triggering a cyclone can be seen in the recently discovered phenomenon of ‘Hot Towers’, a phenomena noted in  satellite thermal image photos taken by NASA from above Tropical Depressions minutes prior to the formation of a cyclone. To top

    Two Powerful Vortex Phenomena

    Ring vortexes trigger the phase-change reactions of water, vapour and ice in a controlled and/or controllable way within the atmosphere. Thus, as well as being the primary amplification mechanism that enables storms to build in their power, they also allow an engineering solution to harnessing that energy.

    Both HRV’s, (the IRV and the NRV) allow the development of powerful but relatively simple mechanisms for harnessing the energy of storms. One, the NRV, is essentially automatic, the other, (the IRV), whilst potentially a more powerful phenomena, requires a specific radial flow mechanism to get it started.

    To top

    Wednesday, 15 June 2011 08:40

    On Recovering Lost Technologies

    Written by Colin McMullen

     

    My Personal Quest

    From an early age I applyied the techniques of forensic reconstruction to the evidence from numerous ancient sites and so predictd the discovery of a number of long lost technologies, including rock geopolymers and formwork techniques and Beamed Energy Launch Technology using lasers or microwaves.  These finds built on theories developed in my youth about the true purpose of the 50,000 known pyramids built prior to recorded history.

    My theory, initially developed around 1957, was that all the ancient pyramids were somehow linked to a previously unrecognised solar-based energy technology that powered aircraft using beams of solar energy, lasers and/or microwaves supplied by the pyramids in a variety of ways.

    What I did not fully appreciate until far more recently was the full scope and incredible importance of the technology I was uncovering. I now know that the aircraft application, although  a massive advance on our present technology was still only the the tip of the proverbial iceberg. Far more significant, is that this ancient technology was and is entirely based on the ability to mimic Nature to totally control and harness the phenomena we glibly recognise as the weather.

    No one can deny that the ability to control  and harness the power available in the atmosphere, as seen in every storm, would be the most important breakthrough in  science in the modern era. The fact that this technology is not new is of little significance compared to what it has to offer.  To top

    The First Glimmer of Light

    The first lasers were produced shortly after my first epiphany and the development of microwaves as a practical technology came somewhat later. My theory was fully vindicated In 1997, when beamed energy was first used to power an aircraft, albiet a tiny model. I believe it now entirely provable that beamed energy technology is the key to solving many mysteries of our distant past and is indeed absolutely crucial to our immediate and future survival as an advancing civilisation.

    In a nutshell, the true pyramids of Egypt were primarily about harnessing solar energy from the vapour held naturally within the atmosphere. When that vapour is condensed in a storm by the action of vortexes, latent heat is released and can be usefully harnessed. Since natural processes rapidly re-establish the normal humidity balance, it is entirely possible to use this technology to extract energy at any time, anywhere on our planet within the tropopause or lower atmosphere. To top

    A Maze of Complex Alternatives

    However, whilst the primary use of the technology was initially to launch aircraft, the vertical beam also served to significantly change local weather by creating significant rainfall. Evidence at Giza suggests that various structural features surrounding the pyramids were quite deliberately designed to maximise the creation of vortex phenomena identical to those seen in storms, tornados and cyclones.

    These solar-powered phenomena are commonly triggered quite naturally in every type of storm and are vastly more efficient at extracting energy from the atmosphere than anything yet available within our present technology. The lost technology of the pyramids is thus key to usefully harnessing the power of hurricanes and other major storms.

    The final stage of recovering these lost technologies was achieved by replicating the phenomena as closely as possible until I finally understood what was happening in different types of storms. I have since been able to develop techniques that will ultimately make it possible to control the weather as well as supply unlimited usable energy and fresh water directly from the atmosphere. To top

    The Basis is Energy

    When fully developed this New Age (but ancient) technology will totally eliminate our present dependancy on fossil fuels. We will also gain an entirely new type of super-efficient aircraft with totally unheard-of capabilities in speed, load, range and point-to-point versatility.

    The recovered technology has the potential to solve both global warming and all our energy woes many times over and the ability also of a tornado, to lift massive structures far more efficiently than anything available within our present aviation technology.

    The solution has come in 3 main stages by combining ancient evidence with knowledge of emerging technologies across an eclectic range of subjects. Each discovery is essentially independent but it was only in combining them that the final revelations surfaced. The significance of certain details necessitates a broad understanding of a number of apparently unrelated specialist disciplines that may possibly be beyond the range of general knowldege for many readers. To top

    Presenting the Evidence

    For this reason, around '05, I found it necessary to develop a series of 3 videos as lecture aids that covered most of the basic supporting information in the shortest and simplest way I knew how. In  '07, I posted a highly summarised version of the evidence on Youtube (video 8) and in  '09  I divided the original 3 videos  into 7 sub-sections for viewing on YouTube (Videos 1-7). These are all now presented sequentially on my YouTube channel. In less than an hour’s viewing, these videos present the background necessary to appreciate my more recent discoveries on Climate Control, arguably the most urgently needed of the Lost Technologies.

    I am now in the process of assembling my latest discoveries on climate control. 'How the Weather' works and 'How to Harness Hurricanes' present the evidence briefly and I hope to post videos very shortly, followed by one on the development of the associated ACE mechanism and the aircraft technology. To top

    I have presented my videos in roughly chronological sequence but they are essentially self-contained and can be viewed separately in any order. My site is otherwise set up to provide a more general guide to the various aspects of my research that hopefully should give any person of average intelligence sufficient knowledge to follow the evidence through for themselves in order to reach their own conclusions about the broader implications of these discoveries that are clearly immense.

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    Friday, 10 June 2011 16:34

    Discovering the Weather Connection

    Written by Colin McMullen
    "Whether the weather be cold or whether the weather be hot, we'll weather the weather, whatever the weather, whether we like it or not," (unknown)

     

     

    Introduction

    Having studied lost technologies for decades, I came to realise the 45,000+ ancient pyramids on record might all be linked by the sophisticated use of sunlight and other forms of beamed energy. Whilst the sun and solar energy were clearly the developmental base of the technology, the widespread use of mica at Teotihuacan presented a very strong case for the ancient use of microwaves. Lasers and xrays also remained as theoretical possibilities but evidence of their use was far less well defined. However, I initially had no proven basis for defining how the energy might have been used.

    The development in 1997 of NASA's Lightcraft project provided the proof I needed that beamed energy could indeed be used to power an aircraft. The tests provided the base I needed but also indicated that some major factor was still missing. Whilst nominally successful, it was clear that laser's used far too much energy by at least an order of magnitude, both in energy propagation and in it's conversion to thrust at the craft. The final chapter in the reconstruction turned out to involve how the energy was used at the craft to produce the desired effects.

    Recognising that the natural phenomena seen in storms might hold the key, I began investigating the many vortex phenomena that combine in various ways to drive our weather. The development of a new hypothesis on how the weather worked led me finally to the recovery of an entire lost technology not seen on earth for 700 years. The technology is based entirely upon the replication and harnessing of natural atmospheric phenomena for a wide range of differnt applications and is arguably the most significant discovery in the modern era, bar none. To top

    Discovering the Weather Connection

    Solar energy, water and water vapour combine in various ways to power our climate and its weather.  The  expansion and contraction essential to any mechanical energy cycle are provided in our weather by the phase-change reactions of water, primarily at the vapour/water phase-change barrier.

    As it vaporises and condenses water expands and contracts by a factor of 1700:1. one of the highest phase-change ractions in Nature (exceeded only by amonia). As a litre of water converts to 1700 litres of vapour air it makes the air containing it much lighter than the dry air found in the Stratosphere. As the vapour recondenses and contraction occurs, the falling raindrops drag down the surrounding air. Depending upon circumstance, I was soon to realise the two effects might act quite differently in the many different types of storm.

    This new technolgy opens up the potential to harness unlimited energy, to climate control in all its many forms and to an entirely new and clean type of VTOL aircraft of vitually unlimited capacity that harnesses the incredible lift capability of a tornado.

    Solar heating causes direct evaporation from water that increases exponentially should the wind's speed or the temperature rise significantly. Sublimation from snow or ice is also significant but is actually more important by default since open Arctic waters release 20x more vapour than is released by sublimation from a similar area of ice-bound sea. To top

    Global warming is credited with creating an increasing area of open water in the Arctic Ocean in summer but these open waters also release far more vapour than an equal area of ice and snow and so become a major factor in causing major blizzards across the northern hemisphere in autumn and early winter before the sea finally freezes over. The significance of these effects on global circulation and on global warming is still debated but the basic elements are essentially beyond dispute.

    As solar heating warms the ocean, vapour is driven from the surface. Being far lighter than the surrounding air, the vapour content makes the air mass near the surface ever more unstable until such time the vapour-laden air starts rising by convection. This convective lifting may occur as isolated bubbles or along the whole frontal conjunction of two air masses, most especially if they have strongly dissimilar properties. To top

    Convective lifting causes mixing and creates two kinds of vortex and these vortexes are the main drivers of global weather. The simple linear vortex converts an energy potential into demonstrated power as seen in a roll cloud or a tornado. Although there is no simple way to control or harness them, linear vortexes absorb massive amounts of energy in those enormously powerful, energetic phenomena  mainly recognised as tornados and squalls.

    However, the Horizontal Ring Vortex or HRV is different. It is by far the most significant phenomena responsible for amplifying the available energy differentials within the atmosphere in a relatively stable manner. 'Normal' HRVs (NRVs) most commonly occur when an isolated bubble of warm air rises from the ground or the sea on a warm summer’s day.  To top

    Initially extremely stable, an NRV absorbs energy and builds up wind speeds and pressure differentials within an isolated storm cell. In the most  extreme circumstance it produces a ‘Supercell’ tornado, the most massive and dangerous of all storms.  The far more common ‘series’ tornado, is created from the breakup of a linear vortex, usually along the face of a moving frontal system in places like the central states of the USA.  Although forming in almost identical conditions the series tornado generally involves a roll cloud rather than a ring vortex and is generally far less powerful and of far shorter duration.  To top

    However, when HRV’s break up, as they eventually must, they generally do so as two counter-rotating linear vortexes that then release their energy as tornados, squalls and micro-bursts. They also collide with other vortexes and combine to produce any number of chaotic combinations all ultimately derived from energy initially developed by convection and/or the HRV phenomena. To top

    Both vortex types can generate storm activity and they commonly interact, exchanging energy and/or converting from one type to the other with quite remarkable speed, depending upon circumstances. Despite this, individually the various types otherwise demonstrate quite remarkably different properties and are otherwise totally dissimilar as can readily be demonstrated with quite simple experiments.

    The horizontal ring vortex (HRV) is undoubtedly the primary energy amplifier and generator and can form or be created either the 'normal' way up or 'inverted'.  As warm convective air rises it does so as a bubble and forms a conventional or normal vortex ring (NRV). Far more rarely, an HRV can be formed by an inial burct of extremely cold air descending within a much larger storm or stormbank and when this happens it forms a vortex with warm convective air rising external to the vortex core.

    This inverted, externally driven, IRV phenomena is only immediately apparent in Nature within the eye of a cyclone. However it is also experienced in the windshear events of microbursts associated with storm activity that can be totally deadly to any aircraft at low altitude. To top

    Ultimately these IRVs can be sustained  by a outer circle of warm air carried upwards as a part of a closed ring of encircling storms. They then form a part of the rotational cycle we recognise as the eye of a cyclone. Significantly, this process gives a cyclone two additional source of energy unique to this type of storm. The first comes from the vapour driven from the surfce of the sea. The second is a previously little recognised source of energy only made available within a cyclone's eye by the adiabatic heating of dry air drawn down from the Stratosphere, (ie from above the Tropopause) into the eye of the storm. [The Tropopause is the dividing layer between the nominally ‘inactive’ layer of the Stratosphere above and the so-called ‘active’ layer below, known as the Troposphere].

    Individually, the two HRV’s (the IRV and the NRV) are possibly the least appreciated but most remarkably significant phenomena as regards both our weather and (arguably) the future of civilisation as we know it. To top

    A Much Delayed Discovery

    I believe I have uncovered the legendary 'secret knowledge' of the Ancients, locked away in the very design and physical detail of the Great Pyramid of Giza for 4000 years. As a repository of knowledge, the Great Pyramid displays it in a way that allowed the detail to be recovered by anyone who was sufficiently aware and had some very basic knowledge of physics and mathematics.

    The recovery of this technology would undoubtedly have been made far sooner but for some earthquakes and some rather misplaced academic isolationism. To top

    1. The smooth outer casing of the pyramid was stripped off in the 14th century to rebuild Cairo after a major earthquake*. It seems the artificial (geopolymer) stone of the pyramid’s casing was far better quality than anything available locally and was obviously readily available. The removal of the stone almost totally destroyed the unique feature of the Great Pyramid that was also the most significant key to solving the whole mystery. It's smoothly polished outer shell.(* The same earthquake is probably responsible for the final destruction of th Pharos Lighthouse, another key piece of the puzzle).

    2. When the data revealing the pyramid’s extraordinary precision was finally recognised in the late 19th century,  another unfortunate series of events saw the data essentially buried for a further 100 years. Had the pyramid still had its original sheathing and/or had the data about it been more widely published it would almost certainly have alerted mathematicians and scientists to the deeper purpose of the structure. (see also The Greatest Fraud in History - or merely misdirection?)  To top

    Ever-expanding Horizons

    Piecing together the many aspects of vortex technology especially as it relates to our past, has only became possible with the eclectic explosion of data available on the World Wide Web.

    Now, as the pieces come together from all around the world, the picture emerging shows ever-more connections between what we now know in science and the previously enigmatic data from our past, providing an ever increasing feedback cycle and a rapid acceleration of connected knowledge that now covers and provides solutions for many of the enigmatic mysteries of our past. Proving out the evidence with practical testing has only served to expand the fields of discovery ever further. To top

    Although still entirely relevant, my early discoveries of the ancient use of beamed energy technology has recently paled before the more urgent and immediate findings relating to global warming and  the very real possibility now, of developing climate control technology and the opening up of a totally new and unlimited souce of clean energy.

    By persistently pecking away at the trail of one lost technology I've uncovered a number of other, previously lost technologies far beyond anything I'd even dreamt of. These discoveries have the potential to completely change our understanding of both our past and our future. And whilst all of this knowledge ties back directly to the technology of the pyramids and the Great Pyramid in particular it could also be said to cover almost every facet of our human past.

    To top

    Friday, 10 June 2011 09:39

    Introducing the ACE Mechanism

    Written by Colin McMullen

    The harnessing of tornados and cyclones solves the greatest

    riddles of our past and opens the window to a sustainable future

    Creating a 'Storm in a Teacup'

    The Cyclone is the largest and potentially most powerful of all storms and essentially consists of two concentric ring vortexes set one inside the other.  However, whilst both are driven by convection within the "Eye Wall" of the storm, it is the 'inverted' ring vortex (IRV) in the centre that gives the storm its immense longevity and the unique potential to produce unlimited quantities of clean energy and fresh water.

     As the key to triggering the vortex of the cyclone's Eye, the ACE Mechanism enhances Nature to provide free access to the unlimited energy and fresh water available in the sea. The famous 'Butterfly Effect' of Chaos Theory is the key to accessing ALL that any storm can offer.

    For as long as it remains over open water, the vortex of the Eye of a Cyclone can produce limitless quantities of clean energy and fresh water

    pharoslighthouse Fig. 1 The Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

    Reconstruction of the Pharos Lighthouse in 2011 from ancient sources by L Krystek

    From a lifetime's research into the recovery of ancient technologies, I have discovered evidence that finally links the massive pyramids to a remarkably simple, passive technology for controlling local climate. Of even greater significance, the final evidence comes with the discovery of what (I believe) is the use of a highly pro-active, 'inverted' form of this same technology. From evidence found in the remnants of the last of the seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria, I have now rebuilt all the essential elements of that technology.

    The evidence at the Pharos (see Fig 1) strongly indicates it produced fresh water that was carried by an aqueduct to Alexandria. By reverse engineering from this one initial clue I have now collected a veritable mountain of evidence to essentially rebuild the whole technology. Physical tests confirm beyond all reasonable doubt that the Pharos did indeed produce fresh water from the sea by harnessing the vortex of a cyclone's eye, using relatively simple solar technology.

    With some considerable success, I have now redeveloped the basic theory and techniques involved from the physical evidence and data left behind. With powerful links already discovered between the technology of the pyramids and Alexandria, ( I am convinced) it is now only a matter of time before theories developed over a lifetime are finally proven. If so, it will be a major breakthrough in our knowledge of the past and for the prospects of humanity into the foreseeable  future.

    Confirming the Record of Our Past

    Known regionally as a hurricane or typhoon, the cyclone is difficult to get started but is otherwise very well suited and most amenable to being harnessed and controlled. There seems the very real possibility that in artificially reproducing the vortex of the cyclone's eye we might have the solution to all the problems associated with global warming, from the growing extremes of the weather itself, to the supply of unlimited fresh water and energy. and the ability to lift massive weights at great speed to great heights.

    The  newly rediscovered "ACE Mechanism" is essentially a trigger to artificially start and then control the Eye of a Cyclone that combines all the varying factors in one massive, artificial mechanism -- reverse engineered from the most ancient and impressive of historical sources. With the recovery of this ancient technology, humankind will once again have the key to the unlimited reserves of clean energy and fresh water that enabled the ancient Egyptians among others, to successfully farm the most arid of deserts (like those around Nazca, Caral and Sechin Alto in Peru) and to build structures around the world like the Great Pyramids at Giza that we still can barely replicate to this day and certainly not in anything like an acceptable timescale.  (as revealed elsewhere on this site)

    The ACE Mechanism works by replicating the known phenomena of storms and could, in theory, produce anything that any storm produces. Like a storm, it has the clear potential to produce wind and rain and lift large objects. However, unlike the basic storm, once established, the IRV phenomenon could be made to last indefinitely and be entirely self-sustaining. With a large and unbroken circle of clean air above and a somewhat larger circle of open water below, this unique storm phenomeno could, in theory, be kept going indefinitely.

    A central mechanism supplies the energy to initially get the mechanism started but that mechanism can then be sustained 24/7, by the energy created by its own winds, in driving vapour from the surface of the open sea. Once started it becomes the ultimate Solar powered source of fresh water and clean energy.

    Bringing the Pieces Together.

    In a natural cyclone, the physical trigger is almost certainly a microburst, a deadly downdraft phenomenon closely associated with the collapse of a storm cell. In the artificial version, the ACE Mechanism essentially replicates those basic effects and enhances them to maximise the benefits.

    The basic phenomena can be sustained and even enhanced by some form of warming around the perimeter and/or by the provision of a central cooling system developed to condense water from the very humid air that is a basic product of its design.

    In Nature, cyclones are started and sustained only over the open sea. The  ACE Mechanism however could, in theory, be developed and sustained above any source of open water, from an ocean, down almost to the proverbial teacup.

    My reconstruction of the Pharos has revealed data confirming that the physical details matching my theory all once existed within the Pharos and its environs. This includes numerous details that have previously been seen as totally anomalous. A description of these details and an explanation of how they all fit together is included elsewhere on this site (see 'The Pharos Lighthouse' on the sidebar)

    Harnessing the Perfect Storm 

    It is probably true that on any planet, its atmosphere, if it has one,  is in a constant state of flux. It is constantly trying to create a 'Perfect Storm' or Perpetual Engine whose effectiveness will depend upon the daily insolation and its effects upon that atmosphere. Depending upon the regional geography and the normal daily cycles, the climate will oscillate above and below the critical phase-change temperature of the working medium to generate what we on our planet call our weather.

    On Earth that cycle is driven by the sun’s heat and the phase-change reactions of water as it condenses and freezes and returns again to vapour. In human terms, that engine of our planet's weather will run indefinitely, exchanging heat and water vapour in an apparently endless, perpetual cycle. However, in truth we know that, should the ice caps melt or another unforeseen event take place, then life as-we-know-it could become all but impossible on this planet we call home.

    There is little we can do to control unforeseen events but there is every reason to believe we very soon could control our weather, and certainly major storms, using a range of these ancient recovered technologies.

    As a phenomenon, the cyclone is both constrained and greatly assisted by its containment within the boundary layers of the sea and the Tropopause (the invisible border between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere). As undoubtedly the primary engine of our weather, the possibility of replicating the cyclone with the ACE Mechnanism looks extremely promising and has to be seen as worthy of further study. However, as yet, we know remarkably little about how cyclones control and influence our climate. The only thing we can predict with absolute certainty is that the influence of these phenomena is very considerable.

    Key Factors in Climate Control

    If air is indeed entrained from the Stratosphere above, down into the basic phenomenon of a cyclone, (which is all but certain but awaits the stamp of being ‘Scientifically Proven’) it will supply no vapour or moisture to the storm but it will supply truly massive quantities of energy by the physical processes associated with what is known as the Dry Air Lapse Rate (DALR).

    The DALR involves the adiabatic heating of Dry Air, a natural process by which air heats when it is compressed by its descent within the atmosphere. This heating process is far greater in dry air (the DALR) than in the air of the Troposphere that always contains (scientifically) significant levels of moisture and is thus ruled by the alternative Wet Air Lapse Rate (WALR).

    The DALR is, fixed at a constant 9.8oC, per 1000m change of altitude (for convenience, 10oC/km). The WALR is nominally a variable but in practice is always very close to 6.5oC/km. The Tropopause caps the Troposhere as the start of the inversion layer that is the Stratosphere. The inversion in temperature commonly occurs at around –57oC but its height is variable with latitude and season between 7,000m-20,000m. An average is commonly taken as being around 12,000m.

    IF Dry Air is indeed drawn to the ground in the Eye of a cyclone from the tropopause and above it will heat, at the DALR, by 10oC/km of its descent. or, on average, by around 120oC.

    In making exactly the same descent, the nominally Wet Air of the troposphere will heat by ‘only’ 78oC. This 42oC differential will potentially add Gigawatts or even Terrawatts of additional energy into the heart of a cyclone that is commonly unavailable to any other type of storm. It has been claimed that during its reign of terror, Hurricane Katrina developed more power than all the power stations on earth combined, so gaining a real understanding of just what is going on and how, is pretty important stuff.

    The variation in the tropopause is mainly associated with changes in latitude that make it high at the equator and lower at the poles. Thus, and again IF indeed air from the stratosphere IS involved, it suggests that at the equator, where most storms occur, the DALR could theoretically see dry air being heated, not by 'just' 120C but possibly by as much as 180oC by the time it reached the ground. And indeed, these figures should be taken as a minimum because the stratosphere is governed by a temperature inversion so that any air from higher up will also start out warmer and be heated even more by its longer descent.

    In practice, once the temperature of the descending air gets significantly above that of the surrounding air, the added heat is radiatedfrom the core into the body of the air in the Eye wall . According to repeated sources within NOAA (US weather bureau), the temperature within the Eye of a cyclone is consistently "a balmy 84oF (28.9o)". ( ie significantly warmer than the surrounding eye wall)

    Whilst little of the above is considered proven, the enormity of these possible effects may well play a major role in the mechanisms of our weather, and of cyclones in particular, and thus also in the possible results of the reactions being invoked by the ACE Mechanism, making it impossible to fully predict how these things will work out in practice.

    Considerations

    It remains to be proven but I believe it has to be considered at least feasible that the ACE Mechanism is potentially the key to a future of totally sustainable clean energy that could be made available to all, night or day, almost anywhere on the planet in very short order. And furthermore, if conclusions can be drawn from conventional heat pump technology, it would also have to be seen as at least feasible that the ACE Mechanism could ultimately extract energy for every known purpose, simply from ice and snow

     

    Thursday, 09 June 2011 12:59

    About Website & Author

    Written by Colin McMullen

    The Life of author Colin C. McMullen

    I have attempted to laze my way through life, doing the things I enjoy, as best I am able but I've always been almost obsessed to understand how and why things work. A family background of inventors, engineers and architechs (of earlier years), gave me the courage to seek knowledge about things that fascinated me, especially in regards to the operation and design of relatively complex machines particularly seaplanes, autogyros, hovercraft, hydrofoils and the like.Growing up, I was barely aware I'd been  an extremely sickly baby who had suffered a string of complaints, largely as a result of my arriving during the London blitz. Although it never entirely prevented me from having a go and doing all the usual crazy things of youth, it seems my various disabilities always eventually caused problems as I tried pursuing various career paths.

    I emigrated to Australia in 1967 to complete a commercial pilots licence and consider the move the best decision of my life. Think I can claim the world record for the speed of my arrival. I arrived as a "Ten Pound Tourist" just 35 days after making the decision to emigrate. They rushed me through to help me meet a course deadline and I didn't even have time to pay the bill.

    I've had a great many occupations, including filing clerk and London bobby, and have tried selling everything from appliances to encyclopedias, with notably little success. I've been a teacher of ballroom and latin  dance, a commercial pilot and an insurance investigator. I've trained people to operate business printing equipment, and been a technician and/or mechanic on cars, appliances, light aircraft, printers and photocopiers, and my own mowers and tractors etc.

    In the early 70's I returned to fixing domestic home appliances as the one thing my physical disabilities allowed me to continue doing and as a consequence ran my own appliance repair business for over 20 years in Melbourne's eastern suburbs. In '87, I purchased an 8 hectare (20 acre) property at Healesville, near Melbourne where I designed and built Hedgend Maze, a maze and tourist park, doing the vast majority of the development work entirely single-handedly. The park opened in '92 and grew rapidly and won a number of tourism awards. Almost derelict when I bought it, the property is now a place of challenge, charm and great beauty, as well as being the expression of many of my whacky ideas.

    My burning desire to discover the general principles of how things work, from the humblest of mechanical contrivances to space craft, has caused me to keep working on how and why things are made the way they are. I consider myself a pretty ordinary engineer but a very good designer and mechanic as I've always had a talent for improving the way things work. It is however, to my eternal frustration that I failed to acquire the practical engineering skills and equipment to put many of my ideas and inventions into polished, practical products.

    I was fortunate enough for a time to own an ultralight seaplane and some of my adventures were published in various flying magazines. Prior to that, over a number of years I designed and built a number of hovercraft (6 in all) that were always in the process of being modified and improved. The need for ingenuity was ever a high priority as finances were always tight.

    I've got into a lot of scrapes and had a lot of fun and still marvel every day at having survived so long. I've been thrown headfirst, backwards through a hovercraft propeller spinning at full speed and emerged with barely a scratch and survived a number of forced landing without even a graze and consider my purchase and the adventures I had with my Avid amphibious ultra light aircraft the highlight of my life so far.

    I used to enjoy a (very undisciplined) game of badminton, table tennis, bridge, snooker or Scrabble but am not at all keen on formal competitions of any sort. I have enjoyed swimming, scuba diving, and sailing and have been known to produce a number of oil paintings for my own pleasure, that people kept insisting on buying. However, it is in watching the workings of the mind that I find my greatest fascination and with a lifelong interest in practical puzzles, the development of the maze was a logical progression.

    After ten years, I was still enthralled to watch how visitors went about solving the many puzzles at the maze but I eventualy passed it over to my partner of nine years and left to return to the research interest, started in my youth, about how and why the pyramids were built.


    So Why the Books?

    I first started writing seriously whilst touring the east coast of Australia in a motor home and I found I greatly enjoyed the process. After something of an epiphany I suddenly realised that some research that I had just been reading about could actually be connected as the final proof that linked the pyramids and flying saucers, a theory I had been exploring and researching in different ways for most of my life.

    Oddly, there was nothing intrinsictly new to me in the data as I had been aware of the experiments for some years. What was new, was the realisation that I now had all the pieces of the puzzle and that in some way I was being driven to connect them all together.

    What had been purely a personal quest was suddenly injected with a feeling of intense purpose. Some might say it was a spiritual experience and though  not prepared to go quite so far I must admit I.am still not quite sure why it all affected me so strongly at and from that time..

    I had long held the conviction that many of the ancient mysteries were connected. It started from a UFO experience in my very early teens that forced me to consider all the possibilities involved, including how an alien species might attempt to colonise earth, what difficulties they would face, what technology they would use and what evidence there would be of such visits. 

    What started as a fascination has become conviction as all the elements I predicted have gradually surfaced but only in very recent years has our technology advanced sufficiently to allow any real proof of the possible connections to be tested and though some is now proven, most of it is still in the realm of future science possibilities

    As the connections to me became more obvious I initially assumed others would make them too and that the announcement and acceptance of these historical links was only a matter of time. When nothing happened I found myself driven to investigate further.

    And the further I went, the more convincing and astonishing the evidence I found. And the more facts I uncovered the more the legends and the evidence appeared to tie together. It was all so convincing I soon came to realise that as far as I was concerned it was much more than simply a theory, still open to debate and endless speculation.

    In total, what I had uncovered was proof beyond all reasonable doubt that was going to totally rewrite the contemporary wisdom about Man's early history.  Finally, I found myself driven to pursue the physical technology to the point of producing a machine that would provide practical proof of my theories. Though still in development, I believe the machine technology is nearing the point of liftoff.

    Taking time out to write up the paperwork I realised I had been overlooking what is arguably an even more significant discovery that needs to be checked out. Since this must be done by others I decided it was necessary to publish the whole site in support of my case. I have uncovered secondary evidence associated with the pyramids that only makes sense if the pyramids, as a secondary consequence of their operation, created highly significant and beneficial effects on their local climate.

    These effects are entirely in keeping with the rest of the technology uncovered but are essentially a closely connected but secondary effect. However, with climate change a very real and very imminent threat, I believe these latest finds and the technology they appear to demonstrate are so significant they need to be made public as a matter of urgency. In this way others can either confirm or deny the apparently very real possibility of reversing or at least mitigating the worst effects of climate change.

    I recommend starting at the beginning but working backwards is fine also. But whichever way you go, read and follow up on the evidence of climate change. I may be right or wrong but it needs to be checked out.

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